Бесплатный фрагмент - Английская грамматика для средней школы с упражнениями
Введение
Дорогие читатели,
Эта книга предназначена для изучения английской грамматики на уровне средней школы. Цель пособия — систематически изложить правила грамматики и дать возможность сразу их применять на практике. Каждая глава содержит объяснение грамматического явления, упражнения для закрепления и раздел с подробными ответами.
Я построила материал так, чтобы вы могли последовательно изучать темы: от основных частей речи и времен до сложных конструкций, условных предложений и косвенной речи. Упражнения составлены из 30 предложений, что позволяет проверить понимание каждого правила. Ответы включают развернутые пояснения, чтобы вы могли анализировать ошибки и лучше усваивать материал.
Эта книга рассчитана на самостоятельное изучение, а также может использоваться как дополнительное пособие на уроках английского языка. Систематический подход к грамматике позволит вам развивать навыки чтения, письма и устной речи.
Желаю успехов!
Артикли a, an, the
Грамматика
В английском языке есть два типа артиклей: неопределённые (a, an) и определённый (the). Они помогают понять, о каком объекте идёт речь.
1. Неопределённые артикли — a, an
Используются, когда мы говорим о чём-то в первый раз или о чём-то одном из многих.
a ставится перед словами, начинающимися с согласного звука:
a dog, a book, a university
an ставится перед словами, начинающимися с гласного звука:
an apple, an hour, an idea
2. Определённый артикль — the
Используется, когда мы говорим о конкретном объекте, который уже известен собеседнику, уникален или упоминался ранее.
Примеры:
the sun (единственный в нашем мире)
the book I bought yesterday (уже известная книга)
the teacher (определённый учитель)
3. Без артикля
Перед неисчисляемыми существительными в общем смысле: I like music.
Перед существительными во множественном числе в общем смысле: Cats are cute.
Короткое правило:
a / an = любой, один из многих.
the = конкретный, известный.
no article = когда говорим о чём-то в общем.
Практика
Заполните пропуски артиклями a, an или the:
I saw ___ cat in the garden.
She wants to buy ___ umbrella.
___ sun is shining brightly today.
He is ___ honest man.
I need ___ pencil and ___ eraser.
We stayed in ___ hotel near the sea.
___ moon looks beautiful tonight.
Can I have ___ orange, please?
He is reading ___ interesting book.
I have never seen ___ elephant before.
___ sky is blue today.
She met ___ old friend at the station.
I bought ___ book and ___ notebook.
___ Eiffel Tower is in Paris.
We are going to ___ cinema tonight.
There is ___ university in my city.
I saw ___ owl in the forest.
He is ___ best player in the team.
We need ___ hour to finish the work.
She found ___ key under the table.
I want ___ apple and ___ banana.
___ Pacific Ocean is very large.
He is ___ engineer.
___ President of the country gave a speech.
She stayed at ___ small hotel in Rome.
I heard ___ interesting story yesterday.
We saw ___ eagle flying above the mountains.
___ internet has changed our lives.
He is ___ honest man.
I need ___ advice on this problem.
Проверь себя
a cat — одна кошка, любая из множества.
an umbrella — зонтик, начинающийся с гласного звука.
the sun — конкретный объект, единственный в мире.
an honest man — беззвучная h → первый звук «o» → an.
a pencil, an eraser — pencil = согласный звук, eraser = гласный звук.
a hotel — любой отель.
the moon — конкретная Луна.
an orange — начинается с гласного звука.
an interesting book — начинается с гласного звука «i».
an elephant — начинается с гласного звука.
the sky — конкретное небо над нами.
an old friend — любой старый друг, не конкретизирован.
a book, a notebook — любые книги, не конкретные.
the Eiffel Tower — уникальный объект, известный всем.
the cinema — конкретное место.
a university — один из многих университетов.
an owl — начинается с гласного звука.
the best player — уникальный в команде.
an hour — h беззвучная → начинается с гласного звука.
a key — любой ключ.
an apple, a banana — apple = гласный, banana = согласный.
the Pacific Ocean — уникальный океан.
an engineer — начинается с гласного звука.
the President — конкретный президент страны.
a small hotel — любой маленький отель.
an interesting story — начинается с гласного звука.
an eagle — начинается с гласного звука.
the internet — уникальная система, известная всем.
an honest man — беззвучная h → an.
advice — неисчисляемое существительное, артикль не нужен.
Неопределённые и нулевые артикли
Грамматика
Неопределённые артикли — a и an — используются, когда речь идет о чем-то в первый раз или о любом предмете из множества.
Примеры:
I saw a dog in the park. (любой, не конкретный)
She wants an apple. (любой, не конкретный)
Нулевой артикль — это когда артикль не используется. Он применяется:
Перед неисчисляемыми существительными в общем смысле:
I like music.
She drinks water every morning.
Перед существительными во множественном числе в общем смысле:
Cats are cute.
Trees give us oxygen.
Перед именами собственными, городами, странами (в большинстве случаев):
I live in Paris.
Russia is a big country.
Перед языками и учебными предметами:
He studies English.
She likes mathematics.
Короткое правило:
a / an = любой, один из многих.
Нулевой артикль = когда говорим о чем-то в общем, неисчисляемом или множественном числе.
Практика
Заполните пропуски артиклями a, an или оставьте без артикля:
I need ___ pencil.
She drinks ___ water every morning.
We saw ___ lions in the zoo.
He is learning ___ French.
I bought ___ apple and ___ banana.
___ Dogs are friendly animals.
She wants ___ new dress for the party.
I enjoy ___ music in my free time.
He is ___ engineer.
___ Cats sleep a lot.
She has ___ idea for the project.
I need ___ information about the event.
___ Trees provide shade.
They visited ___ museum yesterday.
I saw ___ elephant at the circus.
He speaks ___ English very well.
We stayed at ___ small hotel near the beach.
I need ___ advice on this problem.
___ Rivers are important for the environment.
She bought ___ orange.
I like ___ chocolate.
He is ___ honest man.
We need ___ hour to finish the work.
___ Students should study hard.
I saw ___ owl in the forest.
She plays ___ piano beautifully.
He met ___ old friend yesterday.
I want ___ sandwich.
___ Books are a source of knowledge.
She saw ___ interesting movie last night.
Проверь себя
a pencil — любой карандаш, неопределенный.
water — неисчисляемое существительное, артикль не нужен.
lions — множественное число в общем смысле.
French — язык.
an apple, a banana — apple начинается с гласного звука, banana — с согласного.
Dogs — множественное число в общем смысле.
a new dress — любой новый наряд.
music — неисчисляемое существительное.
an engineer — начинается с гласного звука.
Cats — множественное число в общем смысле.
an idea — начинается с гласного звука.
information — неисчисляемое существительное.
Trees — множественное число в общем смысле.
a museum — один из многих, неопределенный объект.
an elephant — начинается с гласного звука.
English — язык.
a small hotel — один из многих.
advice — неисчисляемое существительное.
Rivers — множественное число, общее понятие.
an orange — начинается с гласного звука.
chocolate — неисчисляемое существительное.
an honest man — беззвучная h, первый звук гласный.
an hour — беззвучная h, первый звук гласный.
Students — множественное число, общее понятие.
an owl — начинается с гласного звука.
piano — музыкальный инструмент в общем смысле, артикль не нужен.
an old friend — начинается с гласного звука.
a sandwich — любой бутерброд.
Books — множественное число, общее понятие.
an interesting movie — начинается с гласного звука.
Множественное число существительных
Грамматика
Множественное число существительных в английском языке обычно образуется по следующим правилам:
Обычное правило — добавляем s к существительному:
cat → cats
book → books
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z — добавляем es:
bus → buses
brush → brushes
box → boxes
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на согласную + y — заменяем y на ies:
baby → babies
city → cities
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на гласную + y — добавляем только s:
boy → boys
key → keys
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -f или -fe — часто заменяем на ves (есть исключения):
leaf → leaves
knife → knives
roof → roofs (исключение)
Неправильные формы — меняется гласная или слово полностью:
man → men
woman → women
child → children
tooth → teeth
mouse → mice
Существительные с одинаковой формой в единственном и множественном числе:
sheep → sheep
deer → deer
Практика
Заполните пропуски, поставив существительные во множественное число:
cat → ___
bus → ___
baby → ___
boy → ___
leaf → ___
knife → ___
woman → ___
child → ___
tooth → ___
mouse → ___
roof → ___
city → ___
fox → ___
brush → ___
sheep → ___
deer → ___
dog → ___
box → ___
key → ___
man → ___
house → ___
watch → ___
foot → ___
person → ___
knife → ___
loaf → ___
wife → ___
tomato → ___
potato → ___
child → ___
Проверь себя
cats
buses
babies
boys
leaves
knives
women
children
teeth
mice
roofs
cities
foxes
brushes
sheep
deer
dogs
boxes
keys
men
houses
watches
feet
people
knives
loaves
wives
tomatoes
potatoes
children
Примечания:
Слова типа roof, belief, cliff имеют только s, а не ves.
Неправильные формы лучше запоминать, так как они не подчиняются правилам.
Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -o, иногда образуют множественное число с es (tomato → tomatoes), иногда просто с s (photo → photos).
Местоимения: личные
Грамматика
Личные местоимения заменяют существительные, чтобы избежать повторов. Они обозначают участников действия: того, кто говорит, того, к кому обращаются, или о ком говорят.
1. Личные местоимения в единственном числе:
I — я
you — ты / вы
he — он
she — она
it — оно (для животных, предметов, абстрактных понятий)
2. Личные местоимения во множественном числе:
we — мы
you — вы
they — они
3. Местоимения в роли подлежащего:
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Пример: She is my friend.
4. Местоимения в роли объекта (after verbs or prepositions):
me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Пример: I saw him yesterday.
Короткое правило:
Подлежащее — кто выполняет действие → I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Объект — кого или что → me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Практика
Заполните пропуски личными местоимениями (подлежащими или объектными):
___ am happy today.
I saw ___ at the park.
___ is my best friend.
The teacher helped ___.
___ love ice cream.
Can you help ___?
___ is reading a book.
I met ___ yesterday.
___ are going to the cinema.
She invited ___ to the party.
___ has a new bicycle.
I like ___ very much.
___ is very tall.
We called ___ last night.
___ are playing football.
The dog followed ___.
___ is my sister.
I didn’t see ___ at school.
___ are from Spain.
He gave ___ a present.
___ like swimming.
I trust ___.
___ is sleeping now.
They saw ___ in the shop.
___ need to finish homework.
Please, help ___.
___ is reading the newspaper.
I can’t find ___.
___ are very friendly.
She gave ___ some advice.
Проверь себя
I am happy today.
I saw him at the park.
She is my best friend.
The teacher helped me.
We love ice cream.
Can you help me?
He is reading a book.
I met her yesterday.
They are going to the cinema.
She invited us to the party.
He has a new bicycle.
I like her very much.
He is very tall.
We called them last night.
We are playing football.
The dog followed it.
She is my sister.
I didn’t see him at school.
They are from Spain.
He gave me a present.
We like swimming.
I trust him.
He is sleeping now.
They saw them in the shop.
We need to finish homework.
Please, help me.
He is reading the newspaper.
I can’t find it.
They are very friendly.
She gave me some advice.
Местоимения: притяжательные
Грамматика
Притяжательные местоимения показывают, кому что принадлежит. В английском языке есть две группы: притяжательные прилагательные (before noun) и притяжательные местоимения (stand alone, без существительного).
1. Притяжательные прилагательные (перед существительным):
my — мой, моя, мое, мои
your — твой, ваш
his — его
her — её
its — его/ее (для предметов и животных)
our — наш
their — их
Пример:
This is my book.
Their house is big.
2. Притяжательные местоимения (заменяют существительное):
mine — мой, моя, мое, мои
yours — твой, ваш
his — его
hers — её
its — редко используется
ours — наш
theirs — их
Пример:
This book is mine.
The big house is theirs.
Короткое правило:
Притяжательное прилагательное стоит перед существительным.
Притяжательное местоимение заменяет существительное и стоит само по себе.
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой притяжательного прилагательного или притяжательного местоимения:
This is ___ book. (я)
That pen is ___. (ты)
___ car is very fast. (он)
This is ___ bag. (она)
The cat is ___. (они)
We like ___ house.
The toys are ___. (она)
Is this ___ phone? (я)
___ dog is very friendly. (он)
This bag is ___. (мы)
I borrowed ___ notebook. (она)
That house is ___. (они)
___ friends are very kind. (мы)
The book on the table is ___. (он)
Is this chair ___? (ты)
These pencils are ___. (я)
This is ___ house. (они)
He lost ___ keys.
This is ___ dog. (она)
These shoes are ___. (мы)
This is ___ bag. (он)
The homework is ___. (ты)
The big garden is ___. (мы)
This pencil is ___. (я)
That car is ___. (они)
This room is ___. (она)
Is this book ___? (я)
The umbrella is ___. (он)
Our school is ___. (мы)
These toys are ___. (они)
Проверь себя
This is my book.
That pen is yours.
His car is very fast.
This is her bag.
The cat is theirs.
We like our house.
The toys are hers.
Is this my phone?
His dog is very friendly.
This bag is ours.
I borrowed her notebook.
That house is theirs.
Our friends are very kind.
The book on the table is his.
Is this chair yours?
These pencils are mine.
This is their house.
He lost his keys.
This is her dog.
These shoes are ours.
This is his bag.
The homework is yours.
The big garden is ours.
This pencil is mine.
That car is theirs.
This room is hers.
Is this book mine?
The umbrella is his.
Our school is ours.
These toys are theirs.
Местоимения: объектные и возвратные
Грамматика
Местоимения помогают избегать повторов существительных. Сегодня мы изучаем:
1. Объектные местоимения
Используются после глагола или предлога, чтобы указать на того, кто получает действие.
me — меня, мне
you — тебя, вам
him — его, ему
her — её, ей
it — его, её (для предметов или животных)
us — нас, нам
them — их, им
Примеры:
I saw him yesterday.
She is talking to us.
2. Возвратные местоимения
Указывают, что действие возвращается на того же человека, который его выполняет.
myself — себя, себе (я)
yourself — себя, себе (ты / вы)
himself — себя, себе (он)
herself — себя, себе (она)
itself — себя, себе (оно)
ourselves — себя, себе (мы)
yourselves — себя, себе (вы)
themselves — себя, себе (они)
Примеры:
I made myself a sandwich.
They prepared themselves for the test.
Короткое правило:
Объектные местоимения стоят после глагола или предлога.
Возвратные местоимения показывают, что действие направлено на того же человека.
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильным объектным или возвратным местоимением:
She helped ___. (я)
I saw ___ at the park. (он)
They invited ___ to the party. (мы)
He prepared ___ for the test.
Can you help ___? (я)
We enjoyed ___ at the beach.
I called ___ yesterday. (она)
He looked at ___ in the mirror.
She asked ___ to bring the book. (ты)
The dog hurt ___.
I made ___ a cup of tea.
They found ___ in the garden.
He introduced ___ to his friends.
She is talking to ___ now. (он)
I blamed ___ for the mistake.
We organized ___ for the event.
She saw ___ in the shop. (они)
He cut ___ while cooking.
I told ___ a secret. (мы)
You can rely on ___. (я)
He hurt ___ during the game.
I asked ___ to explain the problem. (она)
They enjoyed ___ at the party.
She bought a gift for ___. (он)
I helped ___ with homework. (ты)
He is proud of ___.
She reminded ___ about the meeting. (мы)
I washed ___ after dinner.
They saw ___ in the park. (я)
We prepared ___ for the presentation.
Проверь себя
She helped me.
I saw him at the park.
They invited us to the party.
He prepared himself for the test.
Can you help me?
We enjoyed ourselves at the beach.
I called her yesterday.
He looked at himself in the mirror.
She asked you to bring the book.
The dog hurt itself.
I made myself a cup of tea.
They found themselves in the garden.
He introduced himself to his friends.
She is talking to him now.
I blamed myself for the mistake.
We organized ourselves for the event.
She saw them in the shop.
He cut himself while cooking.
I told ourselves a secret.
You can rely on me.
He hurt himself during the game.
I asked her to explain the problem.
They enjoyed themselves at the party.
She bought a gift for him.
I helped you with homework.
He is proud of himself.
She reminded us about the meeting.
I washed myself after dinner.
They saw me in the park.
We prepared ourselves for the presentation.
Притяжательные местоимения vs. притяжательные прилагательные
Грамматика
Притяжательные формы показывают, кому что принадлежит, и бывают двух типов:
1. Притяжательные прилагательные
Ставятся перед существительным и показывают владельца.
Примеры:
I → my: This is my book.
You → your: That is your pen.
He → his: His car is fast.
She → her: Her bag is new.
It → its: The cat licked its paw.
We → our: Our house is big.
They → their: Their toys are fun.
2. Притяжательные местоимения
Заменяют существительное и стоят самостоятельно, без существительного.
Примеры:
I → mine: This book is mine.
You → yours: That pen is yours.
He → his: The car is his.
She → hers: The bag is hers.
It → its: редко используется
We → ours: The house is ours.
They → theirs: The toys are theirs.
Короткое правило:
Перед существительным → притяжательное прилагательное.
Вместо существительного → притяжательное местоимение.
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой: притяжательное прилагательное или притяжательное местоимение.
This is ___ book. (я)
That pen is ___. (ты)
___ car is very fast. (он)
This is ___ bag. (она)
The cat licked ___ paw. (оно)
We like ___ house.
The toys are ___. (они)
Is this ___ phone? (я)
___ dog is very friendly. (он)
This bag is ___. (мы)
I borrowed ___ notebook. (она)
That house is ___. (они)
___ friends are very kind. (мы)
The book on the table is ___. (он)
Is this chair ___? (ты)
These pencils are ___. (я)
This is ___ house. (они)
He lost ___ keys.
This is ___ dog. (она)
These shoes are ___. (мы)
This is ___ bag. (он)
The homework is ___. (ты)
The big garden is ___. (мы)
This pencil is ___. (я)
That car is ___. (они)
This room is ___. (она)
Is this book ___? (я)
The umbrella is ___. (он)
Our school is ___. (мы)
These toys are ___. (они)
Проверь себя
This is my book.
That pen is yours.
His car is very fast.
This is her bag.
The cat licked its paw.
We like our house.
The toys are theirs.
Is this my phone?
His dog is very friendly.
This bag is ours.
I borrowed her notebook.
That house is theirs.
Our friends are very kind.
The book on the table is his.
Is this chair yours?
These pencils are mine.
This is their house.
He lost his keys.
This is her dog.
These shoes are ours.
This is his bag.
The homework is yours.
The big garden is ours.
This pencil is mine.
That car is theirs.
This room is hers.
Is this book mine?
The umbrella is his.
Our school is ours.
These toys are theirs.
Основные времена: Present Simple
Грамматика
Present Simple используется, чтобы говорить о:
Регулярных действиях и привычках:
I wake up at 7 o’clock.
She goes to school every day.
Общих истинах и фактах:
Water boils at 100 degrees.
The sun rises in the east.
Распорядках и расписаниях:
The train leaves at 9 a.m.
School starts at 8:30.
Правила образования:
Для подлежащих I, you, we, they:
Основная форма глагола без изменений:
I play, you work, we study, they run
Для подлежащих he, she, it:
Добавляем -s или -es к глаголу:
He plays, she works, it rains
Особенности:
Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ch, -sh, -x, -s, -o → добавляем -es: watch → watches
Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на согласную + y → меняем y на i и добавляем -es: study → studies
Для отрицаний и вопросов используем вспомогательный do / does:
I do not (don’t) like coffee.
She does not (doesn’t) play tennis.
Do you like pizza?
Does he work here?
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола в Present Simple:
I ___ (wake) up at 7 o’clock.
She ___ (go) to school every day.
We ___ (play) football on Sundays.
He ___ (study) English.
They ___ (live) in London.
It ___ (rain) a lot in autumn.
You ___ (like) pizza.
My brother ___ (watch) TV in the evening.
The sun ___ (rise) in the east.
I ___ (not/eat) chocolate every day.
She ___ (not/go) to the park on Mondays.
We ___ (not/play) basketball now.
He ___ (not/like) vegetables.
They ___ (not/work) on Sundays.
___ you ___ (study) French?
___ he ___ (play) tennis?
I ___ (read) books in my free time.
She ___ (write) emails every morning.
The train ___ (leave) at 9 a.m.
My parents ___ (cook) dinner every evening.
He ___ (not/watch) horror movies.
We ___ (not/go) to school on Saturday.
I ___ (drink) coffee in the morning.
She ___ (teach) math at school.
___ they ___ (like) music?
___ you ___ (play) chess?
My dog ___ (sleep) in the garden.
He ___ (clean) his room every Sunday.
I ___ (not/understand) this exercise.
She ___ (not/visit) her grandparents on weekdays.
Проверь себя
I wake up at 7 o’clock.
She goes to school every day.
We play football on Sundays.
He studies English.
They live in London.
It rains a lot in autumn.
You like pizza.
My brother watches TV in the evening.
The sun rises in the east.
I do not (don’t) eat chocolate every day.
She does not (doesn’t) go to the park on Mondays.
We do not (don’t) play basketball now.
He does not (doesn’t) like vegetables.
They do not (don’t) work on Sundays.
Do you study French?
Does he play tennis?
I read books in my free time.
She writes emails every morning.
The train leaves at 9 a.m.
My parents cook dinner every evening.
He does not (doesn’t) watch horror movies.
We do not (don’t) go to school on Saturday.
I drink coffee in the morning.
She teaches math at school.
Do they like music?
Do you play chess?
My dog sleeps in the garden.
He cleans his room every Sunday.
I do not (don’t) understand this exercise.
She does not (doesn’t) visit her grandparents on weekdays.
Основные времена: Past Simple
Грамматика
Past Simple используется для действий, которые произошли в прошлом и закончились.
1. Утвердительные предложения:
Для правильных глаголов добавляем -ed к инфинитиву:
I played football yesterday.
She watched TV last night.
Неправильные глаголы имеют особую форму, которую нужно запомнить:
go → went, have → had, see → saw, do → did
2. Отрицательные предложения:
Используем вспомогательный глагол did not (didn’t) + инфинитив:
I did not (didn’t) play football yesterday.
She didn’t watch TV last night.
3. Вопросительные предложения:
Используем did + подлежащее + инфинитив:
Did you play football yesterday?
Did she watch TV last night?
Короткое правило:
Правильные глаголы: глагол + ed.
Неправильные глаголы: особая форма.
Отрицания и вопросы: always do/does → did + инфинитив.
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола в Past Simple:
I ___ (play) football yesterday.
She ___ (watch) TV last night.
We ___ (go) to the park on Sunday.
He ___ (study) English yesterday.
They ___ (have) a party last week.
It ___ (rain) yesterday.
You ___ (like) pizza yesterday.
My brother ___ (see) a movie last weekend.
I ___ (not/eat) breakfast this morning.
She ___ (not/go) to school yesterday.
We ___ (not/play) basketball yesterday.
He ___ (not/like) vegetables last night.
___ you ___ (study) French last year?
___ he ___ (play) tennis last weekend?
I ___ (read) a book yesterday.
She ___ (write) a letter last night.
The train ___ (leave) at 9 a.m. yesterday.
My parents ___ (cook) dinner yesterday.
He ___ (not/watch) horror movies yesterday.
We ___ (not/go) to school on Saturday.
I ___ (drink) coffee this morning.
She ___ (teach) math yesterday.
___ they ___ (like) music last week?
___ you ___ (play) chess yesterday?
My dog ___ (sleep) in the garden yesterday.
He ___ (clean) his room yesterday.
I ___ (not/understand) this exercise yesterday.
She ___ (not/visit) her grandparents last week.
We ___ (walk) to school yesterday.
They ___ (meet) their friends last weekend.
Проверь себя
I played football yesterday.
She watched TV last night.
We went to the park on Sunday.
He studied English yesterday.
They had a party last week.
It rained yesterday.
You liked pizza yesterday.
My brother saw a movie last weekend.
I did not (didn’t) eat breakfast this morning.
She did not (didn’t) go to school yesterday.
We did not (didn’t) play basketball yesterday.
He did not (didn’t) like vegetables last night.
Did you study French last year?
Did he play tennis last weekend?
I read a book yesterday.
She wrote a letter last night.
The train left at 9 a.m. yesterday.
My parents cooked dinner yesterday.
He did not (didn’t) watch horror movies yesterday.
We did not (didn’t) go to school on Saturday.
I drank coffee this morning.
She taught math yesterday.
Did they like music last week?
Did you play chess yesterday?
My dog slept in the garden yesterday.
He cleaned his room yesterday.
I did not (didn’t) understand this exercise yesterday.
She did not (didn’t) visit her grandparents last week.
We walked to school yesterday.
They met their friends last weekend.
Основные времена: Future Simple
Грамматика
Future Simple используется, чтобы говорить о действиях, которые произойдут в будущем.
1. Утвердительные предложения:
Образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола will + основной глагол:
I will go to the park tomorrow.
She will study English next week.
2. Отрицательные предложения:
Используем will not (won’t) + основной глагол:
I will not (won’t) eat pizza tonight.
He won’t watch TV tomorrow.
3. Вопросительные предложения:
Используем will + подлежащее + основной глагол:
Will you come to the party?
Will she visit her grandparents next weekend?
Короткое правило:
Утверждение: подлежащее + will + глагол.
Отрицание: подлежащее + will not (won’t) + глагол.
Вопрос: Will + подлежащее + глагол?
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола в Future Simple:
I ___ (go) to the park tomorrow.
She ___ (study) English next week.
We ___ (play) football on Sunday.
He ___ (visit) his grandparents next weekend.
They ___ (have) a party tomorrow.
It ___ (rain) tomorrow.
You ___ (like) this movie.
My brother ___ (watch) TV tonight.
I ___ (read) a book tomorrow.
She ___ (not/go) to school next Monday.
We ___ (not/play) basketball tomorrow.
He ___ (not/like) vegetables.
___ you ___ (study) French next year?
___ he ___ (play) tennis next weekend?
I ___ (help) you with homework.
She ___ (write) a letter tomorrow.
The train ___ (leave) at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
My parents ___ (cook) dinner tomorrow.
He ___ (not/watch) horror movies tomorrow.
We ___ (not/go) to school on Saturday.
I ___ (drink) coffee in the morning.
She ___ (teach) math tomorrow.
___ they ___ (like) music next week?
___ you ___ (play) chess tomorrow?
My dog ___ (sleep) in the garden tomorrow.
He ___ (clean) his room tomorrow.
I ___ (not/understand) this exercise tomorrow.
She ___ (not/visit) her grandparents next week.
We ___ (walk) to school tomorrow.
They ___ (meet) their friends next weekend.
Проверь себя
I will go to the park tomorrow.
She will study English next week.
We will play football on Sunday.
He will visit his grandparents next weekend.
They will have a party tomorrow.
It will rain tomorrow.
You will like this movie.
My brother will watch TV tonight.
I will read a book tomorrow.
She will not (won’t) go to school next Monday.
We will not (won’t) play basketball tomorrow.
He will not (won’t) like vegetables.
Will you study French next year?
Will he play tennis next weekend?
I will help you with homework.
She will write a letter tomorrow.
The train will leave at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
My parents will cook dinner tomorrow.
He will not (won’t) watch horror movies tomorrow.
We will not (won’t) go to school on Saturday.
I will drink coffee in the morning.
She will teach math tomorrow.
Will they like music next week?
Will you play chess tomorrow?
My dog will sleep in the garden tomorrow.
He will clean his room tomorrow.
I will not (won’t) understand this exercise tomorrow.
She will not (won’t) visit her grandparents next week.
We will walk to school tomorrow.
They will meet their friends next weekend.
Основные времена: Present Continuous
Грамматика
Present Continuous используется для действий, которые происходят сейчас или в текущий период времени.
1. Утвердительные предложения:
Образуется с помощью to be (am, is, are) + глагол с окончанием -ing:
I am reading a book.
She is watching TV.
They are playing football.
2. Отрицательные предложения:
Добавляем not после глагола to be:
I am not reading a book.
She is not (isn’t) watching TV.
They are not (aren’t) playing football.
3. Вопросительные предложения:
Меняем порядок подлежащего и to be:
Am I reading a book?
Is she watching TV?
Are they playing football?
Короткое правило:
Действие происходит сейчас → Present Continuous.
Утвердительные: am/is/are + глагол + ing.
Отрицательные: am/is/are + not + глагол + ing.
Вопросы: am/is/are + подлежащее + глагол + ing?
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола в Present Continuous:
I ___ (read) a book now.
She ___ (watch) TV at the moment.
We ___ (play) football in the park.
He ___ (study) English right now.
They ___ (have) dinner now.
It ___ (rain) at the moment.
You ___ (listen) to music now.
My brother ___ (watch) a movie now.
I ___ (not/eat) breakfast right now.
She ___ (not/go) to school at the moment.
We ___ (not/play) basketball now.
He ___ (not/like) this book at the moment.
___ you ___ (study) French now?
___ he ___ (play) tennis at the moment?
I ___ (help) you now.
She ___ (write) a letter at the moment.
The children ___ (leave) for school now.
My parents ___ (cook) dinner at the moment.
He ___ (not/watch) horror movies now.
We ___ (not/go) to the park now.
I ___ (drink) coffee at the moment.
She ___ (teach) math right now.
___ they ___ (like) music at the moment?
___ you ___ (play) chess now?
My dog ___ (sleep) in the garden now.
He ___ (clean) his room at the moment.
I ___ (not/understand) this exercise now.
She ___ (not/visit) her grandparents at the moment.
We ___ (walk) to school now.
They ___ (meet) their friends right now.
Проверь себя
I am reading a book now.
She is watching TV at the moment.
We are playing football in the park.
He is studying English right now.
They are having dinner now.
It is raining at the moment.
You are listening to music now.
My brother is watching a movie now.
I am not eating breakfast right now.
She is not (isn’t) going to school at the moment.
We are not (aren’t) playing basketball now.
He is not (isn’t) liking this book at the moment.
Are you studying French now?
Is he playing tennis at the moment?
I am helping you now.
She is writing a letter at the moment.
The children are leaving for school now.
My parents are cooking dinner at the moment.
He is not (isn’t) watching horror movies now.
We are not (aren’t) going to the park now.
I am drinking coffee at the moment.
She is teaching math right now.
Are they liking music at the moment?
Are you playing chess now?
My dog is sleeping in the garden now.
He is cleaning his room at the moment.
I am not understanding this exercise now.
She is not (isn’t) visiting her grandparents at the moment.
We are walking to school now.
They are meeting their friends right now.
Основные времена: Past Continuous
Грамматика
Past Continuous используется для действий, которые происходили в определённый момент в прошлом или длились некоторое время.
1. Утвердительные предложения:
Образуется с помощью was / were + глагол с окончанием -ing:
I was reading a book at 7 p.m.
She was watching TV yesterday evening.
They were playing football in the park.
2. Отрицательные предложения:
Добавляем not после was / were:
I was not (wasn’t) reading a book at 7 p.m.
She was not (wasn’t) watching TV yesterday evening.
They were not (weren’t) playing football in the park.
3. Вопросительные предложения:
Меняем порядок подлежащего и was / were:
Was I reading a book at 7 p.m.?
Was she watching TV yesterday evening?
Were they playing football in the park?
Короткое правило:
Действие происходило в конкретный момент в прошлом → Past Continuous.
Утверждение: was/were + глагол + ing.
Отрицание: was/were + not + глагол + ing.
Вопрос: was/were + подлежащее + глагол + ing?
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола в Past Continuous:
I ___ (read) a book at 7 p.m. yesterday.
She ___ (watch) TV at 8 p.m. yesterday.
We ___ (play) football in the park yesterday.
He ___ (study) English at 6 p.m. yesterday.
They ___ (have) dinner at 7 p.m. yesterday.
It ___ (rain) in the morning yesterday.
You ___ (listen) to music yesterday evening.
My brother ___ (watch) a movie yesterday.
I ___ (not/eat) breakfast at 8 a.m. yesterday.
She ___ (not/go) to school yesterday morning.
We ___ (not/play) basketball yesterday afternoon.
He ___ (not/like) this book yesterday.
___ you ___ (study) French yesterday evening?
___ he ___ (play) tennis yesterday afternoon?
I ___ (help) you at 5 p.m. yesterday.
She ___ (write) a letter at 6 p.m. yesterday.
The children ___ (leave) for school at 7 a.m. yesterday.
My parents ___ (cook) dinner at 6 p.m. yesterday.
He ___ (not/watch) horror movies yesterday.
We ___ (not/go) to the park yesterday afternoon.
I ___ (drink) coffee at 8 a.m. yesterday.
She ___ (teach) math at 10 a.m. yesterday.
___ they ___ (like) music yesterday evening?
___ you ___ (play) chess yesterday?
My dog ___ (sleep) in the garden yesterday morning.
He ___ (clean) his room at 5 p.m. yesterday.
I ___ (not/understand) this exercise yesterday.
She ___ (not/visit) her grandparents yesterday afternoon.
We ___ (walk) to school yesterday morning.
They ___ (meet) their friends yesterday evening.
Проверь себя
I was reading a book at 7 p.m. yesterday.
She was watching TV at 8 p.m. yesterday.
We were playing football in the park yesterday.
He was studying English at 6 p.m. yesterday.
They were having dinner at 7 p.m. yesterday.
It was raining in the morning yesterday.
You were listening to music yesterday evening.
My brother was watching a movie yesterday.
I was not (wasn’t) eating breakfast at 8 a.m. yesterday.
She was not (wasn’t) going to school yesterday morning.
We were not (weren’t) playing basketball yesterday afternoon.
He was not (wasn’t) liking this book yesterday.
Were you studying French yesterday evening?
Was he playing tennis yesterday afternoon?
I was helping you at 5 p.m. yesterday.
She was writing a letter at 6 p.m. yesterday.
The children were leaving for school at 7 a.m. yesterday.
My parents were cooking dinner at 6 p.m. yesterday.
He was not (wasn’t) watching horror movies yesterday.
We were not (weren’t) going to the park yesterday afternoon.
I was drinking coffee at 8 a.m. yesterday.
She was teaching math at 10 a.m. yesterday.
Were they liking music yesterday evening?
Were you playing chess yesterday?
My dog was sleeping in the garden yesterday morning.
He was cleaning his room at 5 p.m. yesterday.
I was not (wasn’t) understanding this exercise yesterday.
She was not (wasn’t) visiting her grandparents yesterday afternoon.
We were walking to school yesterday morning.
They were meeting their friends yesterday evening.
Основные времена: Future Continuous
Грамматика
Future Continuous используется для действий, которые будут происходить в определённый момент в будущем или длились какое-то время в будущем.
1. Утвердительные предложения:
Образуется с помощью will be + глагол с окончанием -ing:
I will be reading a book at 7 p.m. tomorrow.
She will be watching TV in the evening.
They will be playing football at 5 p.m.
2. Отрицательные предложения:
Добавляем not после will:
I will not (won’t) be reading a book at 7 p.m. tomorrow.
She won’t be watching TV in the evening.
They will not (won’t) be playing football at 5 p.m.
3. Вопросительные предложения:
Меняем порядок: Will + подлежащее + be + глагол с -ing:
Will I be reading a book at 7 p.m. tomorrow?
Will she be watching TV in the evening?
Will they be playing football at 5 p.m.?
Короткое правило:
Действие будет происходить в конкретный момент в будущем → Future Continuous.
Утверждение: will be + глагол + ing.
Отрицание: will not (won’t) be + глагол + ing.
Вопрос: will + подлежащее + be + глагол + ing?
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола в Future Continuous:
I ___ (read) a book at 7 p.m. tomorrow.
She ___ (watch) TV in the evening.
We ___ (play) football at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
He ___ (study) English at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
They ___ (have) dinner at 7 p.m. tomorrow.
It ___ (rain) at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
You ___ (listen) to music in the evening.
My brother ___ (watch) a movie tomorrow.
I ___ (not/eat) breakfast at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
She ___ (not/go) to school at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
We ___ (not/play) basketball at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
He ___ (not/like) vegetables in the evening.
___ you ___ (study) French tomorrow evening?
___ he ___ (play) tennis at 5 p.m. tomorrow?
I ___ (help) you with homework tomorrow evening.
She ___ (write) a letter at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
The children ___ (leave) for school at 7 a.m. tomorrow.
My parents ___ (cook) dinner at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
He ___ (not/watch) horror movies tomorrow.
We ___ (not/go) to the park at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
I ___ (drink) coffee at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
She ___ (teach) math at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
___ they ___ (like) music tomorrow evening?
___ you ___ (play) chess at 7 p.m. tomorrow?
My dog ___ (sleep) in the garden tomorrow morning.
He ___ (clean) his room at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
I ___ (not/understand) this exercise tomorrow.
She ___ (not/visit) her grandparents tomorrow afternoon.
We ___ (walk) to school at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
They ___ (meet) their friends tomorrow evening.
Проверь себя
I will be reading a book at 7 p.m. tomorrow.
She will be watching TV in the evening.
We will be playing football at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
He will be studying English at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
They will be having dinner at 7 p.m. tomorrow.
It will be raining at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
You will be listening to music in the evening.
My brother will be watching a movie tomorrow.
I will not (won’t) be eating breakfast at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
She will not (won’t) be going to school at 9 a.m. tomorrow.
We will not (won’t) be playing basketball at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
He will not (won’t) be liking vegetables in the evening.
Will you be studying French tomorrow evening?
Will he be playing tennis at 5 p.m. tomorrow?
I will be helping you with homework tomorrow evening.
She will be writing a letter at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
The children will be leaving for school at 7 a.m. tomorrow.
My parents will be cooking dinner at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
He will not (won’t) be watching horror movies tomorrow.
We will not (won’t) be going to the park at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
I will be drinking coffee at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
She will be teaching math at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
Will they be liking music tomorrow evening?
Will you be playing chess at 7 p.m. tomorrow?
My dog will be sleeping in the garden tomorrow morning.
He will be cleaning his room at 5 p.m. tomorrow.
I will not (won’t) be understanding this exercise tomorrow.
She will not (won’t) be visiting her grandparents tomorrow afternoon.
We will be walking to school at 8 a.m. tomorrow.
They will be meeting their friends tomorrow evening.
Основные времена: Present Perfect
Грамматика
Present Perfect используется для действий, которые произошли в прошлом, но имеют результат или связь с настоящим, либо для действий, которые происходили неоднократно до настоящего момента.
1. Утвердительные предложения:
Образуется с помощью have / has + V3 (третья форма глагола/Participle II):
I have visited London.
She has finished her homework.
They have seen this movie before.
2. Отрицательные предложения:
Используем have not (haven’t) / has not (hasn’t) + V3:
I have not (haven’t) visited London.
She hasn’t finished her homework.
3. Вопросительные предложения:
Меняем порядок: Have / Has + подлежащее + V3?
Have you visited London?
Has she finished her homework?
Ключевые слова, часто используемые с Present Perfect:
just, already, yet, ever, never, for, since
Короткое правило:
Действие произошло в прошлом, но важно сейчас → Present Perfect.
Утверждение: have/has + V3.
Отрицание: haven’t/hasn’t + V3.
Вопрос: Have/Has + подлежащее + V3?
Практика
Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола в Present Perfect:
I ___ (visit) London.
She ___ (finish) her homework.
We ___ (see) this movie before.
He ___ (read) this book already.
They ___ (eat) breakfast today.
It ___ (rain) a lot this week.
You ___ (meet) my friend before.
My brother ___ (write) three letters this morning.
I ___ (not/visit) Paris.
She ___ (not/finish) her work yet.
We ___ (not/play) football today.
He ___ (not/see) this film yet.
___ you ___ (ever/try) sushi?
___ he ___ (already/finish) his homework?
I ___ (just/buy) a new phone.
She ___ (never/see) snow.
They ___ (not/meet) their new teacher yet.
My parents ___ (already/cook) dinner.
He ___ (not/do) his exercises today.
We ___ (just/arrive) at school.
I ___ (learn) English for three years.
She ___ (study) since morning.
___ they ___ (ever/go) to Italy?
___ you ___ (finish) your homework yet?
My dog ___ (eat) all the food already.
He ___ (never/be) to New York.
I ___ (not/see) this actor before.
She ___ (just/come) home.
We ___ (read) five books this month.
They ___ (already/leave) for the cinema.
Проверь себя
I have visited London.
She has finished her homework.
We have seen this movie before.
He has read this book already.
They have eaten breakfast today.
It has rained a lot this week.
You have met my friend before.
My brother has written three letters this morning.
I have not (haven’t) visited Paris.
She has not (hasn’t) finished her work yet.
We have not (haven’t) played football today.
He has not (hasn’t) seen this film yet.
Have you ever tried sushi?
Has he already finished his homework?
I have just bought a new phone.
She has never seen snow.
They have not (haven’t) met their new teacher yet.
My parents have already cooked dinner.
He has not (hasn’t) done his exercises today.
We have just arrived at school.
I have learned English for three years.
She has studied since morning.
Have they ever gone to Italy?
Have you finished your homework yet?
My dog has eaten all the food already.
He has never been to New York.
I have not (haven’t) seen this actor before.
She has just come home.
We have read five books this month.
They have already left for the cinema.
Основные времена: Past Perfect
Грамматика
Past Perfect используется, чтобы говорить о действии, которое произошло до другого события в прошлом.
1. Утвердительные предложения:
Образуется с помощью had + V3 (третья форма глагола/Participle II):
I had finished my homework before dinner.
She had left the house when I called.
They had seen this movie before the party.
2. Отрицательные предложения:
Используем had not (hadn’t) + V3:
I had not (hadn’t) finished my homework before dinner.
She hadn’t left the house when I called.
3. Вопросительные предложения:
Меняем порядок: Had + подлежащее + V3?
Had you finished your homework before dinner?
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