
Предисловие
Дорогие читатели,
Я рада представить вам эту книгу, посвящённую грамматике и лексике английского языка в рамках школьной программы. Она создана специально для подростков, изучающих английский на уровнях A2–B1, и может быть использована как в классе, так и для самостоятельной работы.
Основная цель книги — помочь учащимся не только понять грамматические правила, но и научиться применять их в повседневной речи. Каждая глава построена так, чтобы вы могли сразу увидеть, как грамматика работает на практике. Примеры предложений и истории написаны с использованием повседневной лексики, поэтому вы будете учиться на материалах, близких вашей жизни: школьные занятия, друзья, семья, путешествия, хобби.
Особое внимание уделено закреплению грамматических конструкций через повторение и упражнения, а также развитию словарного запаса через полезные выражения и коллокации. В конце каждой главы вы найдёте задания различного типа, включая вопросы по текстам и упражнения на заполнение пропусков, что позволит вам проверить свои знания и отточить навыки.
Я надеюсь, что эта книга станет для вас надёжным помощником и источником уверенности в изучении английского языка. Пусть изучение грамматики будет не только полезным, но и увлекательным процессом, который поможет вам свободно выражать свои мысли на английском.
The English Sentence and Word Order
Grammar Focus
Порядок слов в английском предложении
В английском языке порядок слов строгий и играет ключевую роль. В отличие от русского языка, где смысл часто понятен благодаря окончаниям, в английском именно порядок слов показывает, кто что делает.
Базовая структура утвердительного предложения
Subject + Verb + Object (+ Adverbial)
Подлежащее + Сказуемое + Дополнение (+ Обстоятельство)
Examples:
I like English. — Я люблю английский язык.
She reads books every day. — Она читает книги каждый день.
They play football after school. — Они играют в футбол после школы.
Вопросительные предложения
В вопросах часто используется вспомогательный глагол (do / does / did или формы to be).
Examples:
Do you like English? — Ты любишь английский язык?
Is he at school now? — Он сейчас в школе?
Отрицательные предложения
Для отрицания используется not, чаще всего с вспомогательным глаголом.
Examples:
I do not like maths. — Я не люблю математику.
She is not tired. — Она не устала.
Типичные ошибки школьников
Like I English.
She every day reads books.
I not understand this rule.
Правильно:
I like English.
She reads books every day.
I do not understand this rule.
Полезный совет
Если ты не уверен в порядке слов, сначала найди подлежащее и глагол — это основа любого английского предложения.
Story
Tom is a twelve-year-old student. Every morning he wakes up early and goes to school. He likes school because he learns new things every day. English is his favourite subject, and he always listens to the teacher carefully.
In class, Tom writes sentences in his notebook. He knows that English sentences have a clear order. First comes the subject, then the verb, and after that the rest of the sentence. This rule helps him understand texts and speak more confidently.
After school, Tom does his homework at home. He reads short stories and pays attention to how sentences are built. Sometimes he makes mistakes, but he learns from them. His teacher says that practice is very important.
In the evening, Tom tells his parents about his day. He speaks slowly but clearly. They are proud of him because he works hard and enjoys learning English. Tom believes that good sentences help people understand each other better.
Useful Words and Expressions
sentence — предложение
word order — порядок слов
subject — подлежащее
verb — глагол
object — дополнение
rule — правило
mistake — ошибка
example — пример
to understand — понимать
to learn — учить, изучать
to practise — практиковаться
clearly — ясно, чётко
every day — каждый день
at school — в школе
after school — после школы
to pay attention — обращать внимание
to enjoy — получать удовольствие
to work hard — усердно работать
Exercises
Exercise 1. Put the words in the correct order
English / I / like
reads / she / every day / books
at school / are / they
homework / does / he / after school
sentence / a / writes / Tom
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
English sentences usually start with
a) the verb
b) the subject
c) the object
Which sentence is correct?
a) Likes she English.
b) She likes English.
c) English likes she.
Where is the verb in an English sentence?
a) at the end
b) after the subject
c) before the subject
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Why does Tom like English lessons?
What rule helps Tom write good sentences?
What does Tom do after school?
Why are Tom’s parents proud of him?
How does Tom feel about learning English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
I like English.
She reads books every day.
They are at school.
He does homework after school.
Tom writes a sentence.
Exercise 2
b) the subject
b) She likes English.
b) after the subject
Exercise 3
Tom likes English lessons because he learns new things and enjoys the subject. It is his favourite lesson at school.
The rule of clear word order helps Tom write good sentences. He knows where to place the subject and the verb.
After school, Tom does his homework at home. He also reads short stories and practises English.
Tom’s parents are proud of him because he works hard and enjoys learning. They see his progress every day.
Tom feels positive about learning English. He believes that good sentences help people understand each other better.
Personal Pronouns and the Verb to be
Grammar Focus
Личные местоимения в английском языке
Личные местоимения показывают, кто выполняет действие. В английском языке они всегда стоят перед глаголом.
Основные личные местоимения:
I — я
you — ты / вы
he — он
she — она
it — он / она / оно (для предметов и животных)
we — мы
they — они
В отличие от русского языка, местоимение нельзя опускать.
Am happy.
I am happy.
Глагол to be (быть)
Глагол to be используется:
для описания состояния
возраста
профессии
места нахождения
В настоящем времени он имеет три формы: am, is, are.
Examples:
I am a student. — Я ученик.
She is twelve years old. — Ей двенадцать лет.
They are at school. — Они в школе.
Вопросы и отрицания с to be
Вопрос: глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим.
Is he your friend? — Он твой друг?
Отрицание: добавляется not.
She is not tired. — Она не устала.
Типичные ошибки
She are my sister.
He twelve years old.
Is student.
Правильно:
She is my sister.
He is twelve years old.
He is a student.
Story
Anna is thirteen years old. She is a student at a small school near her home. Every morning she is ready for lessons on time. Her favourite subject is English, and she is very interested in it.
Anna has a best friend. His name is Mark. He is in the same class, and they are good classmates. Mark is friendly and helpful. He is often ready to explain difficult things.
At school, Anna and Mark are active students. They are not afraid of making mistakes. Their teacher is kind and patient. She is proud of her students because they try their best.
After school, Anna is at home with her family. Her parents are busy, but they are always supportive. Anna feels happy because she knows she is not alone. She believes that learning English is interesting and useful for her future.
Useful Words and Expressions
personal pronoun — личное местоимение
verb to be — глагол to be
student — ученик
classmate — одноклассник
favourite subject — любимый предмет
friendly — дружелюбный
helpful — полезный, готовый помочь
ready — готовый
proud — гордый
busy — занятый
kind — добрый
patient — терпеливый
at home — дома
at school — в школе
interested in — интересоваться
to explain — объяснять
to try one’s best — стараться изо всех сил
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form of to be
I ___ thirteen years old.
They ___ good friends.
She ___ not ready for the test.
We ___ at school now.
He ___ my classmate.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
Which sentence is correct?
a) She are my friend.
b) She is my friend.
c) She am my friend.
Choose the correct form:
«I ___ interested in English.»
a) are
b) is
c) am
Which sentence is a question?
a) They are at home.
b) Are they at home?
c) They not are at home.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
How old is Anna and where does she study?
Who is Mark and what is he like?
Why is the teacher proud of the students?
Where is Anna after school?
How does Anna feel about learning English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
I am thirteen years old.
They are good friends.
She is not ready for the test.
We are at school now.
He is my classmate.
Exercise 2
b) She is my friend.
c) am
b) Are they at home?
Exercise 3
Anna is thirteen years old and she studies at a small school near her home. She is a student there.
Mark is Anna’s best friend and classmate. He is friendly and helpful.
The teacher is proud of the students because they try their best and are not afraid of mistakes.
After school, Anna is at home with her family. She feels supported by her parents.
Anna feels positive about learning English. She believes it is interesting and useful for her future.
Mini Tips
Никогда не опускай местоимение в английском предложении.
Запомни: I — am, he/she/it — is, we/you/they — are.
Проверяй себя: если нет глагола действия, скорее всего нужен to be.
There Is / There Are
Grammar Focus
Конструкция there is / there are
Оборот there is / there are используется, чтобы сказать, что что-то существует или находится где-то. Он часто стоит в начале предложения и помогает представить новую информацию.
There is — используется с единственным числом и неисчисляемыми существительными.
There are — используется с множественным числом.
Examples:
There is a book on the desk. — На парте есть книга.
There are many students in the classroom. — В классе много учеников.
There is some milk in the fridge. — В холодильнике есть молоко.
Вопросы и отрицания
Вопрос: Is there / Are there ставится в начале.
Is there a library in your school? — В твоей школе есть библиотека?
Отрицание: добавляется not.
There is not a computer in the room. — В комнате нет компьютера.
There are not any parks near my house. — Рядом с моим домом нет парков.
Типичные ошибки школьников
There are a book on the table.
Is there many students?
There is five rooms.
Правильно:
There is a book on the table.
Are there many students?
There are five rooms.
Совет
Сначала посмотри на существительное после there — если оно во множественном числе, нужен there are.
Story
There is a new student in the school. His name is Alex, and he is happy to be there. On his first day, there is a lot to see. There is a big building, and there are many classrooms inside it.
In the classroom, there are desks near the windows and a board on the wall. There is a map above the teacher’s desk, and there are pictures on the walls. Alex looks around with interest because everything is new for him.
During the break, Alex walks around the school. There is a small library on the second floor. There are many books there, and there is a quiet place to read. In the schoolyard, there are students playing games, and there is a friendly atmosphere.
At the end of the day, Alex feels comfortable. There are kind teachers and helpful classmates around him. He understands that there is a good place for him in this school.
Useful Words and Expressions
there is — есть (ед. число)
there are — есть (мн. число)
classroom — класс
building — здание
desk — парта
wall — стена
map — карта
picture — картина
library — библиотека
schoolyard — школьный двор
break — перемена
atmosphere — атмосфера
comfortable — комфортно
around — вокруг
inside — внутри
on the wall — на стене
near — рядом
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose there is or there are
___ a park near my house.
___ many books on the shelf.
___ a computer in the classroom.
___ two windows in the room.
___ some students in the schoolyard.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
Which sentence is correct?
a) There are a library in the school.
b) There is a library in the school.
c) There be a library in the school.
Choose the correct question:
a) Is there many desks in the room?
b) Are there many desks in the room?
c) Do there are many desks in the room?
Choose the correct sentence:
a) There is five pictures on the wall.
b) There are five pictures on the wall.
c) There are a picture on the wall.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Who is the new student and how does he feel at school?
What is there in the classroom?
Where is the library and what is it like?
What are the students doing in the schoolyard?
Why does Alex feel comfortable at the end of the day?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
There is a park near my house.
There are many books on the shelf.
There is a computer in the classroom.
There are two windows in the room.
There are some students in the schoolyard.
Exercise 2
b) There is a library in the school.
b) Are there many desks in the room?
b) There are five pictures on the wall.
Exercise 3
The new student is Alex, and he feels happy to be at the school. He is interested in his new place.
There are desks near the windows and a board on the wall. There is also a map above the teacher’s desk.
The library is on the second floor. It is quiet and has many books to read.
The students are playing games in the schoolyard. They create a friendly atmosphere.
Alex feels comfortable because there are kind teachers and helpful classmates. He understands that the school is a good place for him.
Mini Tips
После there всегда идёт форма глагола to be.
Не путай: what exists → there is / there are, what someone does → обычный глагол.
Проверяй число существительного сразу после there — это ключ к правильному выбору.
Possessive Adjectives and ’s
Grammar Focus
Притяжательные прилагательные
Притяжательные прилагательные показывают, кому что принадлежит. В английском языке они всегда стоят перед существительным и не изменяются по числу.
Основные притяжательные прилагательные:
my — мой, моя, мои
your — твой, ваш
his — его
her — её
its — его, её (для предметов и животных)
our — наш
their — их
Examples:
This is my book. — Это моя книга.
Her bag is on the desk. — Её сумка на парте.
Their school is new. — Их школа новая.
Важно помнить: притяжательное прилагательное не может стоять без существительного.
This book is my.
This book is mine. (другая часть речи)
This is my book.
Притяжательная форма с ’s
Форма ’s используется, чтобы показать принадлежность, чаще всего у людей и животных.
Tom’s book — книга Тома
The teacher’s desk — стол учителя
Если имя во множественном числе и оканчивается на -s, добавляется только апостроф:
The students’ classroom — класс учеников
Типичные ошибки
She book is on the table.
This is the bag of Anna.
The boy bag is blue.
Правильно:
Her book is on the table.
This is Anna’s bag.
The boy’s bag is blue.
Story
Kate is a student in a small town. Her school is not very big, but it is comfortable. Every morning she takes her bag and books and goes to school. Her favourite subject is English, and her teacher’s lessons are always interesting.
Kate’s best friend is Emma. Emma’s desk is near the window, and her notebook is always tidy. The girls like working together. Their projects are neat and creative, and the teacher often praises their work.
After school, Kate goes to Emma’s house. Emma’s parents are kind, and their home is warm and welcoming. Kate feels relaxed there. She understands that her friends’ support is important for her.
In the evening, Kate returns home. Her room is quiet, and her desk is ready for homework. Kate believes that her efforts and her family’s help make her stronger and more confident.
Useful Words and Expressions
possessive adjective — притяжательное прилагательное
ownership — принадлежность
book — книга
bag — сумка
desk — парта, письменный стол
notebook — тетрадь
friend — друг
parents — родители
project — проект
support — поддержка
tidy — аккуратный
comfortable — удобный
favourite subject — любимый предмет
to praise — хвалить
to return home — возвращаться домой
confident — уверенный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct possessive adjective
This is ___ school. (I)
She likes ___ English lessons. (she)
They are in ___ classroom now. (they)
We do ___ homework after school. (we)
He forgot ___ notebook at home. (he)
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
Which sentence is correct?
a) This is Anna bag.
b) This is Anna’s bag.
c) This is bag Anna.
Choose the correct option:
«The teacher checked ___ projects.»
a) her
b) she
c) hers
Choose the correct sentence:
a) The boys’ books are on the desk.
b) The boy’s books are on the desk.
c) The boys books are on the desk.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What is Kate’s favourite subject and why does she like it?
Who is Emma and what can we say about her desk and notebook?
Why does the teacher praise the girls’ projects?
Where does Kate go after school and how does she feel there?
What helps Kate feel stronger and more confident?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
This is my school.
She likes her English lessons.
They are in their classroom now.
We do our homework after school.
He forgot his notebook at home.
Exercise 2
b) This is Anna’s bag.
a) her
a) The boys’ books are on the desk.
Exercise 3
Kate’s favourite subject is English because the lessons are interesting. Her teacher makes the subject enjoyable.
Emma is Kate’s best friend. Her desk is near the window, and her notebook is always tidy.
The teacher praises the girls’ projects because they are neat and creative. Their work shows effort and cooperation.
After school, Kate goes to Emma’s house. She feels relaxed and comfortable there.
Kate feels stronger and more confident because of her own efforts and her family’s help.
Mini Tips
Притяжательное прилагательное всегда стоит перед существительным.
Не путай his и her — смотри на владельца, а не на предмет.
Для людей и животных удобнее использовать ’s, чем конструкцию of.
Articles: a / an / the
Grammar Focus
Определённый и неопределённый артикли
Артикли используются, чтобы показать, какой предмет или человек упоминается. В английском языке есть три вида: a, an, the.
Неопределённые артикли: a / an
Используются с единственным числом, когда мы говорим о чем-то впервые или о неизвестном предмете.
a ставится перед словами, начинающимися с согласного звука.
an ставится перед словами, начинающимися с гласного звука.
Examples:
I saw a cat in the garden. — Я видел кошку в саду.
She wants an apple. — Она хочет яблоко.
Определённый артикль: the
Используется, когда предмет уже известен собеседнику, или мы говорим о единственном в своём роде объекте.
Также используется с географическими названиями (реки, моря, группы островов).
Examples:
The cat is on the roof. — Эта кошка на крыше.
The sun is bright today. — Солнце сегодня яркое.
Типичные ошибки школьников
I saw an cat.
She wants a apple.
Sun is hot today.
Правильно
I saw a cat.
She wants an apple.
The sun is hot today.
Совет
Если не знаешь, это первый раз, когда ты говоришь о предмете — используй a / an.
Если предмет уже известен или уникален — используй the.
Story
Tom likes walking in his town. One day he saw a dog in the park. It was a small dog with brown fur. He decided to follow the dog because it looked friendly. Soon, he found an apple on the grass. He picked it up and gave it to the dog.
Later, Tom went to the library. He borrowed a book about animals. The book told about the sun, the stars, and the oceans. He liked reading because it helped him learn new things. In the evening, Tom returned the book to the library and walked home. The street was quiet, and the trees were beautiful. He thought about the dog, the apple, and the library, and he felt happy that he spent his day well.
Useful Words and Expressions
a — неопределённый артикль перед согласным
an — неопределённый артикль перед гласным
the — определённый артикль
cat — кошка
dog — собака
apple — яблоко
park — парк
town — город
library — библиотека
book — книга
sun — солнце
star — звезда
ocean — океан
street — улица
tree — дерево
friendly — дружелюбный
to borrow — брать взаймы
to return — возвращать
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct article
I saw ___ dog in the park.
She wants ___ orange.
___ sun is bright today.
Tom borrowed ___ book from the library.
There is ___ cat on the roof.
Exercise 2. Correct the mistakes
She found a apple in the garden.
I like the dog. It is a friendly.
Sun rises in the east.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What did Tom see in the park?
What did he find on the grass and what did he do with it?
Where did Tom go after the park?
What did he learn from the book?
How did Tom feel at the end of the day?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
I saw a dog in the park.
She wants an orange.
The sun is bright today.
Tom borrowed a book from the library.
There is a cat on the roof.
Exercise 2
She found an apple in the garden.
I like the dog. It is friendly.
The sun rises in the east.
Exercise 3
Tom saw a dog in the park. It was small and friendly.
He found an apple on the grass and gave it to the dog.
After the park, Tom went to the library.
From the book, he learned about the sun, stars, and oceans.
Tom felt happy at the end of the day because he spent it well and saw interesting things.
Mini Tips
a / an — когда предмет упоминается впервые или неизвестен.
the — когда мы говорим о чём-то конкретном или уникальном.
Перед словом всегда произноси его начальный звук, чтобы выбрать a или an.
Singular and Plural Nouns
Grammar Focus
Единственное и множественное число существительных
Существительные в английском языке бывают единственного числа (singular) и множественного числа (plural).
Singular (ед. число) — один предмет или человек.
book — книга
cat — кошка
child — ребёнок
Plural (мн. число) — два или более предмета.
books — книги
cats — кошки
children — дети
Правила образования множественного числа
Обычно добавляется -s:
book → books, pen → pens
Если слово оканчивается на s, x, z, ch, sh, добавляем -es:
bus → buses, box → boxes, watch → watches
Если слово оканчивается на y после согласного, меняем y → i + es:
city → cities, baby → babies
Неправильные существительные имеют особую форму:
child → children, man → men, woman → women, mouse → mice, tooth → teeth
Типичные ошибки школьников
childs вместо children
buss вместо buses
citys вместо cities
Правильно
children
buses
cities
Совет
Запоминай неправильные существительные как отдельный список.
Большинство правил образования множественного числа просты, но исключения встречаются часто.
Story
Lucy has a small collection of toys. She has one teddy bear, a doll, and a toy car. Every evening, she arranges her toys neatly on the shelf. She likes looking at her toys because they are colourful and fun.
Lucy’s friends come to her house. They bring their toys too. There are dolls, balls, and puzzles. Children play together in the living room. They laugh and share their toys carefully because everyone wants to take care of their toys.
In the afternoon, Lucy puts her books on the desk. There are many books about animals, nature, and space. She reads some of them and shows her friends interesting pictures. By evening, the children leave, and Lucy feels happy. She has her toys and books ready for the next day.
Useful Words and Expressions
singular — единственное число
plural — множественное число
child — ребёнок
children — дети
toy — игрушка
doll — кукла
teddy bear — плюшевый медведь
car — машина
book — книга
ball — мяч
puzzle — пазл
shelf — полка
desk — письменный стол
colour — цвет
nature — природа
space — космос
to arrange — расставлять
to share — делиться
Exercises
Exercise 1. Write the plural form
toy → ___
child → ___
book → ___
city → ___
mouse → ___
Exercise 2. Choose the correct form
There are many ___ in the classroom.
a) childs
b) children
c) child
She has two ___ on the desk.
a) box
b) boxes
c) boxs
My sister likes playing with her ___.
a) dolls
b) doll
c) dolly
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What toys does Lucy have?
What toys do Lucy’s friends bring?
Where do the children play?
What kind of books are on Lucy’s desk?
How does Lucy feel at the end of the day?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
toys
children
books
cities
mice
Exercise 2
b) children
b) boxes
a) dolls
Exercise 3
Lucy has a teddy bear, a doll, and a toy car.
Her friends bring dolls, balls, and puzzles.
The children play in the living room.
There are many books about animals, nature, and space.
Lucy feels happy and has her toys and books ready for the next day.
Mini Tips
Чтобы правильно образовать множественное число, сначала проверяй окончание существительного.
Неправильные существительные лучше записывать и повторять отдельно.
Большинство существительных просто добавляют -s, но исключения встречаются часто.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Grammar Focus
Счетные и несчетные существительные
Существительные бывают счетными (countable) и несчетными (uncountable).
Countable nouns (счетные)
Можно посчитать: один, два, три.
Имеют единственное и множественное число.
Перед существительным можно использовать a / an или числа.
Examples:
I have a pen. — У меня есть ручка.
There are three chairs in the room. — В комнате три стула.
Uncountable nouns (несчетные)
Нельзя посчитать поштучно.
Обычно только в единственном числе.
Не используют a / an. Чтобы указать количество, используют слова some, much, a lot of, a little.
Examples:
There is some milk in the fridge. — В холодильнике есть молоко.
She drinks a lot of water every day. — Она пьёт много воды каждый день.
Типичные ошибки школьников
I have a informations.
There are two milks.
I need a furniture.
Правильно
I have some information.
There is some milk.
I need some furniture.
Совет
Сначала определяй, можно ли посчитать предмет. Если да — countable, если нет — uncountable.
Запомни распространённые несчетные существительные: milk, water, bread, information, furniture, sugar, advice, money.
Story
Emma is in the kitchen. She wants to make a cake. First, she takes some flour and sugar. She adds an egg and mixes everything carefully. There is milk in the fridge, and she pours a little milk into the bowl. Emma likes cooking because she can measure ingredients and see how much she needs.
Her brother comes to the kitchen. He brings two apples and a bottle of water. They decide to make a fruit salad. There are apples, bananas, and some oranges on the table. They cut the fruits and put them into a big bowl. Emma is happy because she has enough ingredients and her brother’s help. After cooking, they sit at the table and eat the cake and salad together.
Useful Words and Expressions
countable — исчисляемый
uncountable — неисчисляемый
flour — мука
sugar — сахар
milk — молоко
egg — яйцо
apple — яблоко
banana — банан
orange — апельсин
water — вода
bottle — бутылка
bowl — миска
ingredient — ингредиент
to mix — смешивать
to pour — наливать
kitchen — кухня
to measure — измерять
enough — достаточно
Exercises
Exercise 1. Countable or uncountable?
bread → ___
apple → ___
milk → ___
chair → ___
sugar → ___
Exercise 2. Choose the correct form
I need ___ water.
a) a
b) some
c) many
There are three ___ on the table.
a) bananas
b) milk
c) sugar
She added ___ egg to the bowl.
a) an
b) some
c) a
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What ingredients does Emma use for the cake?
What does her brother bring to the kitchen?
What fruits are on the table?
How do Emma and her brother prepare the salad?
How do they feel after cooking?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
uncountable
countable
uncountable
countable
uncountable
Exercise 2
b) some
a) bananas
a) an
Exercise 3
Emma uses flour, sugar, milk, and an egg to make the cake.
Her brother brings two apples and a bottle of water.
On the table, there are apples, bananas, and some oranges.
They cut the fruits and put them into a big bowl to make the salad.
They feel happy and enjoy eating the cake and salad together.
Mini Tips
Countable nouns можно считать и использовать a / an или числа.
Uncountable nouns нельзя считать поштучно — используй some, a lot of, a little, much.
Запоминай часто используемые несчетные слова отдельно, они часто встречаются в жизни.
Demonstratives: this / that / these / those
Grammar Focus
Указательные местоимения
Demonstratives используются, чтобы показать, о каком предмете или человеке мы говорим. В английском языке есть четыре основных формы: this, that, these, those.
This / These
This — этот, эта, это (единственное число, близко к говорящему)
These — эти (множественное число, близко к говорящему)
Examples:
This book is interesting. — Эта книга интересная.
These chairs are comfortable. — Эти стулья удобные.
That / Those
That — тот, та, то (единственное число, далеко от говорящего)
Those — те (множественное число, далеко от говорящего)
Examples:
That tree is very tall. — То дерево очень высокое.
Those houses are old. — Те дома старые.
Типичные ошибки школьников
This chairs are new.
Those book is on the table.
These tree is big.
Правильно
These chairs are new.
That book is on the table.
This tree is big.
Совет
Сначала определяй число существительного: единственное или множественное.
Затем думай о расстоянии до говорящего: близко — this / these, далеко — that / those.
Story
Jack is in his room. On his desk, there is a notebook. This notebook is new, and Jack likes it very much. Next to the notebook, there are some pencils. These pencils are colourful and sharp.
Outside the window, Jack can see a big tree. That tree is very old and tall. On the street, there are two dogs running. Those dogs look happy and friendly.
Jack takes his notebook and pencils and goes to the park. He sits under that tree and starts drawing. He uses these pencils to make colourful pictures. Jack enjoys spending time with his art and watching those dogs playing in the sun.
Useful Words and Expressions
this — этот, эта, это
that — тот, та, то
these — эти
those — те
desk — письменный стол
notebook — тетрадь
pencil — карандаш
tree — дерево
dog — собака
window — окно
street — улица
park — парк
art — рисование, творчество
to draw — рисовать
colourful — цветной
big — большой
old — старый
tall — высокий
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks
___ book on the desk is mine.
___ pencils are very sharp.
___ tree outside is very tall.
___ dogs on the street are friendly.
I like ___ notebook on the desk.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option
Which is correct?
a) These tree is old.
b) This tree is old.
c) That trees is old.
Choose the correct option:
___ dogs are running in the park.
a) This
b) These
c) Those
Fill the blank:
I want ___ pencil.
a) that
b) those
c) these
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does Jack have on his desk?
How does Jack describe his pencils?
What can Jack see outside the window?
Where does Jack go with his notebook and pencils?
How does Jack use his pencils in the park?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
This book on the desk is mine.
These pencils are very sharp.
That tree outside is very tall.
Those dogs on the street are friendly.
I like this notebook on the desk.
Exercise 2
b) This tree is old.
c) Those dogs are running in the park.
a) that
Exercise 3
On his desk, Jack has a notebook and some pencils.
Jack’s pencils are colourful and sharp.
Outside the window, Jack can see a big tree and two dogs running on the street.
Jack goes to the park with his notebook and pencils.
Jack uses his pencils to draw colourful pictures under the tree.
Mini Tips
This / These — для предметов близко к вам.
That / Those — для предметов далеко от вас.
Сначала проверяйте число существительного, затем расстояние.
Показывайте предмет руками или пальцем, когда учите детей: это помогает закрепить понимание.
Adjectives and Their Position in a Sentence
Grammar Focus
Прилагательные и их место в предложении
Adjectives (прилагательные) описывают существительные, показывая их качество, количество, цвет, размер, форму и другие характеристики.
Основные правила
Прилагательное обычно ставится перед существительным:
a big house — большой дом
a red apple — красное яблоко
После глагола to be прилагательное ставится после глагола, чтобы описать подлежащее:
The house is big. — Дом большой.
The apples are red. — Яблоки красные.
Если используется несколько прилагательных перед существительным, порядок обычно такой:
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Noun
a beautiful small old round red Italian wooden table
Типичные ошибки
She is a beautiful.
I have apple red.
The dog is friendly big.
Правильно
She is beautiful.
I have a red apple.
The big friendly dog is in the garden.
Совет
Сначала решай, где стоит прилагательное: перед существительным или после глагола to be.
Для нескольких прилагательных можно запомнить порядок через пример: Opinion → Size → Age → Colour → Material → Noun.
Story
Anna has a small dog. It is a very friendly dog. The dog has soft brown fur and big black eyes. Every morning, Anna takes her dog for a walk in the park. She wears her favourite blue dress, and her dog has a red collar.
In the park, they meet other children and their pets. Some children have cute kittens, and some have small rabbits. Anna likes watching the animals because they are active and playful.
After walking, Anna returns home. The dog is tired but happy. She gives it some fresh water and a delicious snack. Anna is happy too because she loves her small friendly dog and their daily walks.
Useful Words and Expressions
adjective — прилагательное
opinion — мнение
size — размер
age — возраст
colour — цвет
material — материал
shape — форма
small — маленький
big — большой
friendly — дружелюбный
soft — мягкий
brown — коричневый
black — чёрный
blue — синий
red — красный
cute — милый
active — активный
playful — игривый
delicious — вкусный
favourite — любимый
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct adjective
The dog is very ___. (friendly / quickly)
I have a ___ apple. (red / run)
She wears a ___ dress. (blue / swim)
The kitten is ___. (cute / swim)
He has a ___ dog. (big / eat)
Exercise 2. Correct the sentences
She is a beautiful.
I have apple red.
The dog is friendly big.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does Anna have? Describe it.
What does the dog look like?
Where does Anna take her dog every morning?
What animals do they meet in the park?
How do Anna and her dog feel after walking?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
friendly
red
blue
cute
big
Exercise 2
She is beautiful.
I have a red apple.
The big friendly dog is in the garden.
Exercise 3
Anna has a small dog. It is very friendly.
The dog has soft brown fur and big black eyes.
Anna takes her dog for a walk in the park every morning.
They meet kittens and small rabbits in the park.
Anna and her dog feel happy after walking; the dog is tired but content.
Mini Tips
Перед существительным ставятся краткие прилагательные, после to be — описательные.
Для нескольких прилагательных запоминаем порядок: Opinion → Size → Age → Colour → Material → Noun.
Определяй, какое прилагательное описывает качество, а какое — размер или цвет, чтобы правильно поставить в предложение.
Imperatives and Classroom English
Grammar Focus
Повелительное наклонение (Imperatives)
Imperatives используются, чтобы давать команды, просьбы или советы. В английском языке они часто начинаются с глагола без подлежащего.
Основные правила
Глагол стоит в начальной форме:
Open the window. — Открой окно.
Sit down. — Садитесь.
Отрицательная форма образуется с don’t:
Don’t run in the classroom. — Не бегайте в классе.
Don’t touch the teacher’s desk. — Не трогайте стол учителя.
Вежливая форма просьбы можно усилить словами please:
Please, open your books. — Пожалуйста, откройте книги.
Типичные ошибки школьников
You open the window.
Don’t to shout in class.
Please, you sit down.
Правильно
Open the window.
Don’t shout in class.
Please, sit down.
Совет
Повелительное наклонение не требует подлежащего, если понятно, к кому обращаются.
Для школьной аудитории полезно запоминать основные команды в классе — они часто повторяются и легко закрепляются на практике.
Story
It is the first lesson at school. The teacher greets the students and says, «Good morning, everyone! Sit down, please.» The students take their seats.
«Open your books to page ten,» the teacher continues. Some students open their books quickly, and others need a little help. «Don’t talk to your friends now. Listen carefully,» the teacher adds.
During the lesson, the teacher gives many instructions: «Write the answers in your notebooks. Raise your hand if you have a question. Look at the board.» The students follow the instructions because they want to learn and participate.
After the lesson, the teacher smiles and says, «Pack up your things and line up for recess.» The students do what they are asked. They feel happy and ready for the next lesson.
Useful Words and Expressions
imperative — повелительное наклонение
command — команда
instruction — инструкция
advice — совет
please — пожалуйста
sit down — садиться
stand up — вставать
open — открывать
close — закрывать
write — писать
read — читать
look — смотреть
listen — слушать
raise your hand — поднять руку
line up — выстраиваться в ряд
pack up — собирать вещи
answer — ответ
question — вопрос
book — книга
notebook — тетрадь
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct imperative
___ your books.
___ down, please.
___ your hand if you have a question.
___ the window.
___ quietly in the classroom.
Exercise 2. Correct the mistakes
You open your books.
Don’t to run in the classroom.
Please, you read the text.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the teacher say at the beginning of the lesson?
Which instructions does the teacher give during the lesson?
How do the students follow the teacher’s commands?
What does the teacher say after the lesson?
How do the students feel at the end of the lesson?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Open your books.
Sit down, please.
Raise your hand if you have a question.
Open the window.
Don’t talk in the classroom.
Exercise 2
Open your books.
Don’t run in the classroom.
Please, read the text.
Exercise 3
At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher greets the students and asks them to sit down.
During the lesson, the teacher instructs the students to open their books, write answers, raise hands, and look at the board.
The students follow the teacher’s commands carefully to learn and participate.
After the lesson, the teacher asks the students to pack up their things and line up for recess.
The students feel happy and ready for the next lesson.
Mini Tips
В повелительном наклонении не нужно указывать подлежащее, если понятно, к кому обращаются.
Для отрицания используйте don’t + глагол.
Добавляйте please, чтобы сделать команду вежливой.
Повторение команд в классе помогает быстро запомнить конструкцию и слова.
Present Simple: Daily Routines and Facts
Grammar Focus
Настоящее простое время (Present Simple)
Present Simple используется для описания:
Регулярных действий и привычек (daily routines)
Общеизвестных фактов (facts)
Формы глагола
Для I / you / we / they: основная форма глагола
I get up at 7 a.m.
They play football after school.
Для he / she / it: добавляется окончание -s или -es
He goes to school by bus.
She watches TV in the evening.
Отрицательная форма
Для I / you / we / they: do not (don’t) + глагол
I don’t like spinach.
Для he / she / it: does not (doesn’t) + глагол
He doesn’t eat meat.
Вопросительная форма
Для I / you / we / they: Do + подлежащее + глагол?
Do you play football?
Для he / she / it: Does + подлежащее + глагол?
Does she like apples?
Совет
Всегда проверяй подлежащее: если это he / she / it, добавляй -s к глаголу в утвердительных предложениях. Для отрицаний и вопросов используем вспомогательный глагол do/does.
Story
Tom is a student. Every morning, he wakes up at 7 a.m. He brushes his teeth and eats breakfast. At 8 a.m., he goes to school by bus. He likes learning new things. At school, he studies English, mathematics, and science.
After school, Tom plays football with his friends. Sometimes, he watches TV or reads a book. In the evening, he helps his mother with dinner. He usually goes to bed at 10 p.m.
Tom’s sister, Anna, has different routines. She wakes up at 6:30 a.m., and she practices gymnastics. She goes to school by bike. Anna likes animals and often feeds the birds in the park. Tom and Anna both enjoy their daily routines and try to stay healthy and active.
Useful Words and Expressions
daily routine — ежедневная рутина
fact — факт
wake up — просыпаться
brush your teeth — чистить зубы
eat breakfast — завтракать
go to school — идти в школу
play football — играть в футбол
watch TV — смотреть телевизор
read a book — читать книгу
help — помогать
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