
Предисловие
Уважаемые читатели,
С большим удовольствием представляю вам эту книгу, созданную специально для взрослых изучающих английский язык, которые хотят продолжить совершенствование своих навыков. Материал книги сосредоточен на практической грамматике, лексике и употреблении языка, актуальном для повседневной жизни и профессиональной деятельности. Моя цель — предоставить учащимся четкие объяснения, структурированные примеры и упражнения, которые способствуют регулярной практике и закреплению знаний.
Каждая глава включает грамматический блок, иллюстративную историю, полезные слова и выражения, а также упражнения с полными ответами. Такой подход позволяет активно работать с языком, понимать грамматические конструкции в контексте и применять их в реальных ситуациях. Особое внимание уделено лексике и выражениям, с которыми взрослые чаще всего сталкиваются в повседневном общении, работе, путешествиях и социальных ситуациях.
Книга отличается ясностью изложения, доступностью и академической строгостью, сохраняя при этом дружелюбный и понятный тон. Она предназначена для самостоятельного изучения, но может использоваться и в классе. Упражнения стимулируют учащихся размышлять о личном опыте, что повышает понимание и закрепление материала.
Я надеюсь, что эта книга станет надежным инструментом в вашем изучении английского языка, поможет повысить уверенность в общении и предоставит практические средства для эффективной коммуникации. Регулярное изучение материала и постоянная практика приведут к ощутимым результатам в освоении языка.
Present Simple — Daily Routines and Habits
Grammar Focus: Present Simple
Present Simple используется для выражения регулярных действий, привычек, общеизвестных фактов и расписаний.
Примеры:
I wake up at 7 a.m. every day. — Я просыпаюсь в 7 утра каждый день.
She drinks coffee every morning. — Она пьёт кофе каждое утро.
We usually go for a walk in the evening. — Обычно мы ходим на прогулку вечером.
The shop opens at 9 a.m. — Магазин открывается в 9 утра.
He doesn’t like chocolate. — Он не любит шоколад.
Do you read before bed? — Ты читаешь перед сном?
Правила:
Для 3-го лица единственного числа добавляется -s / -es: he/she/it works, goes, watches.
В вопросах и отрицаниях используется do / does:
I/You/We/They do not (don’t)…
He/She/It does not (doesn’t)…
Наречия частоты: always, usually, often, sometimes, never — ставятся перед глаголом, но после to be.
Советы по запоминанию:
Для 3-го лица всегда проверяй, добавляется ли -s / -es.
Используй привычные действия из своей жизни для практики.
Story
Every morning, Anna wakes up at 6:30. She brushes her teeth and makes a cup of coffee. After breakfast, she takes a shower and gets dressed. Then she leaves the house and walks to the bus stop. She works in an office near the city center.
Anna usually starts her work at 9 a.m. She checks her emails and prepares reports. At lunchtime, she eats with her colleagues in the cafeteria. In the afternoon, she attends meetings and answers phone calls. She often drinks tea at 3 p.m.
After work, Anna goes to the gym or meets her friends. In the evening, she cooks dinner and watches TV. Sometimes she reads a book before bed. She always goes to sleep at 10:30 p.m.
Anna’s life is busy but regular. She enjoys her routine and feels comfortable following it every day.
Useful Words and Expressions
wake up — просыпаться
brush teeth — чистить зубы
make coffee — приготовить кофе
take a shower — принимать душ
get dressed — одеваться
leave the house — выходить из дома
walk — идти пешком
start work — начинать работу
check emails — проверять почту
prepare reports — готовить отчёты
eat lunch — обедать
attend meetings — посещать собрания
answer calls — отвечать на звонки
drink tea — пить чай
go to the gym — ходить в спортзал
meet friends — встречаться с друзьями
cook dinner — готовить ужин
watch TV — смотреть телевизор
read a book — читать книгу
go to sleep — ложиться спать
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
She _______ (wake) up at 7 a.m. every day.
I usually _______ (drink) coffee in the morning.
They _______ (go) to work by bus.
He _______ (not like) chocolate.
_______ you _______ (read) before bed?
Exercise 2: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct form:
Anna _______ (work / works) in an office.
We _______ (attends / attend) meetings every Monday.
He often _______ (drink / drinks) tea in the afternoon.
I _______ (doesn’t / don’t) like spinach.
My friend _______ (go / goes) to the gym twice a week.
Exercise 3: Personal Questions
Answer 2–3 sentences for each:
What time do you usually wake up?
Do you drink coffee or tea in the morning?
What is your daily routine on weekdays?
Do you exercise regularly? If yes, what do you do?
What do you usually do in the evening before bed?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
wakes
drink
go
does not like / doesn’t like
Do / read
Exercise 2:
works
attend
drinks
don’t
goes
Exercise 3:
I usually wake up at 7 a.m. every day. On weekdays, I get up quickly and start my morning routine.
I usually drink coffee in the morning. Sometimes I prefer tea if I feel tired.
My daily routine includes going to work, checking emails, and having lunch with colleagues. In the evening, I relax and watch TV.
Yes, I exercise regularly. I go to the gym three times a week and sometimes run in the park.
In the evening, I usually read a book or watch TV. I try to go to bed at a consistent time.
Mini-Tips
Повторяйте свои обычные действия на английском каждый день — это помогает закрепить Present Simple.
Составьте свой список привычек и используйте наречия частоты: always, usually, often, sometimes, never.
Present Continuous — Actions Happening Now
Grammar Focus: Present Continuous
Present Continuous используется для описания действий, происходящих прямо сейчас, а также временных действий и изменений.
Формула:
[am / is / are] + глагол с окончанием -ing
Примеры:
I am reading a book. — Я читаю книгу.
She is cooking dinner at the moment. — Она готовит ужин сейчас.
They are playing football in the park. — Они играют в футбол в парке.
We are learning English this month. — Мы изучаем английский в этом месяце.
He is not working today. — Он сегодня не работает.
Are you listening to music? — Ты слушаешь музыку?
Правила:
Для 3-го лица единственного числа используем is, для I — am, для остальных — are.
В отрицаниях добавляем not: He is not (isn’t)…
В вопросах меняем порядок: Am / Is / Are + подлежащее + глагол-ing?
Некоторые глаголы, которые описывают состояния (know, like, want), обычно не используют в Continuous.
Советы по запоминанию:
Вспоминайте фразу «сейчас» (now, at the moment) — это подсказка для Present Continuous.
Практикуйте описание того, что делают люди вокруг вас.
Story
It is a sunny Saturday morning. Mark is sitting in the living room and reading the newspaper. His wife, Julia, is making breakfast in the kitchen. Their children are playing with toys on the floor.
Outside, the neighbours are gardening and some people are jogging in the park. The birds are singing and the sun is shining brightly.
Mark is drinking coffee and thinking about his plans for the weekend. Julia is listening to music while she is cooking eggs and toast. Their children are laughing and are running around the room.
Suddenly, Mark’s friend calls. He is asking if they are coming to a barbecue later. Mark is telling him that they are having a quiet family day today. Everyone is enjoying their morning in their own way.
Useful Words and Expressions
sit — сидеть
read — читать
make breakfast — готовить завтрак
play — играть
garden — заниматься садом
jog — бегать трусцой
sing — петь
shine — светить
drink coffee — пить кофе
think — думать
listen to music — слушать музыку
cook eggs — готовить яйца
laugh — смеяться
run — бегать
call — звонить
ask — спрашивать
tell — рассказывать, говорить
enjoy — наслаждаться
bright — яркий
at the moment — в данный момент
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
I _______ (read) a book now.
She _______ (not cook) dinner at the moment.
They _______ (play) football in the garden.
_______ you _______ (listen) to music?
He _______ (drink) tea and _______ (watch) TV.
Exercise 2: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct form:
Mark _______ (is sitting / sits) in the living room.
Julia _______ (is cooking / cooks) breakfast now.
The children _______ (are laughing / laugh) loudly.
He _______ (is not / does not) working today.
We _______ (are enjoying / enjoy) our weekend.
Exercise 3: Personal Questions
Answer 2–3 sentences for each:
What are you doing right now?
Are you listening to music or reading something at the moment?
What are your friends or family doing today?
Are you currently learning something new?
What activities are you enjoying this week?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
am reading
is not cooking / isn’t cooking
are playing
Are / listening
is drinking / is watching
Exercise 2:
is sitting
is cooking
are laughing
is not
are enjoying
Exercise 3:
I am sitting at my desk and writing some notes. I am also checking my emails.
At the moment, I am listening to music. It helps me concentrate.
My friends are working on their projects, and my family is relaxing at home.
Yes, I am currently learning English and practicing new grammar topics.
This week I am enjoying reading a new book and going for walks in the park.
Mini-Tips
Используйте Present Continuous для описания того, что происходит прямо сейчас.
Смотрите вокруг себя и описывайте действия: «My friend is talking, I am drinking coffee…»
Наречия времени «now», «at the moment» помогают правильно использовать форму.
Past Simple — Talking About the Past
Grammar Focus: Past Simple
Past Simple используется для описания действий, которые произошли и завершились в прошлом. Часто встречается с наречиями времени: yesterday, last week, in 2010, two days ago.
Формула:
Для правильных глаголов: глагол + -ed → I watched a movie.
Для неправильных глаголов: форма меняется по списку → go → went, have → had.
Примеры:
I visited my grandparents last weekend. — Я навестил бабушку и дедушку в прошлые выходные.
She watched a new movie yesterday. — Она посмотрела новый фильм вчера.
They went to Paris in 2019. — Они ездили в Париж в 2019 году.
He didn’t like the food. — Ему не понравилась еда.
Did you see the match last night? — Ты смотрел матч прошлым вечером?
Правила:
В отрицаниях используем did not / didn’t + глагол: He didn’t go to work.
В вопросах используем Did + подлежащее + глагол: Did you watch TV yesterday?
Для правильных глаголов добавляем -ed, для неправильных — учим формы.
Советы по запоминанию:
Ведите список неправильных глаголов и повторяйте их регулярно.
Используйте Past Simple для личных историй, событий и поездок.
Story
Last summer, Emma traveled to Italy with her friend Sophie. They visited Rome, Florence, and Venice. In Rome, they saw the Colosseum and took many photos. They walked along the streets and tasted Italian pizza.
In Florence, Emma went to an art museum and watched a famous painting exhibition. Sophie bought souvenirs for her family. They enjoyed the atmosphere and learned about Italian culture.
In Venice, they rode a gondola on the canals and visited St. Mark’s Square. The weather was warm and sunny. Every evening, they ate at small restaurants and tried local dishes.
After two weeks, Emma and Sophie returned home. They shared their stories with friends and showed the photos. The trip was unforgettable, and Emma decided to plan a new journey next year.
Useful Words and Expressions
travel — путешествовать
visit — посещать
see — видеть
take photos — фотографировать
walk — гулять
taste — пробовать на вкус
go — идти / ехать
watch — смотреть
buy — покупать
enjoy — наслаждаться
learn — учиться, узнавать
ride — кататься
visit — посещать
square — площадь
weather — погода
eat — есть
try — пробовать
return — возвращаться
share — делиться
decide — решать
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
Last summer, Emma _______ (travel) to Italy.
They _______ (see) the Colosseum in Rome.
Sophie _______ (buy) souvenirs.
The weather _______ (be) warm and sunny.
Emma _______ (decide) to plan a new journey.
Exercise 2: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct form:
We _______ (watched / watch) a movie yesterday.
He _______ (did not / doesn’t) like the restaurant.
They _______ (went / go) to the park last weekend.
Did you _______ (see / saw) the new exhibition?
She _______ (tried / try) local dishes in Venice.
Exercise 3: Personal Questions
Answer 2–3 sentences for each:
Where did you go on your last holiday?
What did you do yesterday?
Did you watch any movie last week? What was it?
Did you try any new food recently?
Can you describe a memorable trip you had?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
traveled
saw
bought
was
decided
Exercise 2:
watched
did not
went
see
tried
Exercise 3 (пример ответов академичного стиля):
Last summer, I went to the mountains with my family. We hiked every day and enjoyed the fresh air.
Yesterday, I worked in the morning and met my friend in the afternoon. In the evening, I read a book.
Yes, I watched a comedy movie last week. It was very funny and interesting.
Recently, I tried sushi for the first time. I liked the taste very much.
One memorable trip was to the seaside. I swam, relaxed on the beach, and explored the nearby towns.
Mini-Tips
Используйте Past Simple для всех завершённых действий в прошлом.
Сначала учите правильные глаголы, затем постепенно запоминайте неправильные.
Вспоминайте ключевые слова времени: yesterday, last week, in 2010, two days ago.
Present Perfect — Experience and Results
Grammar Focus: Present Perfect
Present Perfect используется, чтобы говорить о:
Опыт — что кто-то сделал или испытал в жизни, не указывая точное время.
Результаты — действия, которые произошли в прошлом и имеют связь с настоящим.
Формула:
have / has + V3 (третья форма глагола / past participle)
Примеры:
I have visited Italy three times. — Я был в Италии три раза.
She has finished her work. — Она закончила свою работу.
They have never tried sushi. — Они никогда не пробовали суши.
We have lived in this city since 2015. — Мы живём в этом городе с 2015 года.
Have you ever seen this movie? — Ты когда-нибудь видел этот фильм?
Правила:
Для 3-го лица единственного числа используем has, для остальных — have.
В отрицаниях добавляем not: I have not (haven’t)…
В вопросах используем Have / Has + подлежащее + V3: Have you visited London?
Ключевые слова: ever, never, already, yet, just, since, for
Советы по запоминанию:
Сфокусируйтесь на результате действия, а не на точном времени.
Используйте Present Perfect для опыта и личных достижений.
Story
Tom is an adventurous person. He has traveled to many countries. He has visited Japan, Canada, and Brazil. In Japan, he has tried sushi and has climbed Mount Fuji. In Canada, he has gone hiking in the mountains. In Brazil, he has seen the Carnival in Rio.
Tom has learned a lot from his travels. He has met interesting people and has discovered new cultures. He has taken hundreds of photos and has written notes in his travel journal.
Recently, Tom has started a new project. He has organized a photography exhibition with pictures from his trips. He has invited his friends and family to visit it. Many people have already come to see his work.
Tom has never been bored. He has always found something exciting to do. He hopes that in the future he will have visited even more countries and has experienced more adventures.
Useful Words and Expressions
travel — путешествовать
visit — посещать
try — пробовать
climb — подниматься, взбираться
go hiking — ходить в поход
see — видеть
learn — узнавать, учиться
meet — встречать
discover — открывать, узнавать
take photos — фотографировать
write — писать
start — начинать
organize — организовывать
invite — приглашать
already — уже
just — только что
yet — ещё (в вопросах и отрицаниях)
never — никогда
always — всегда
experience — опыт
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
I _______ (visit) London three times.
She _______ (never try) sushi before.
They _______ (finish) their homework already.
We _______ (meet) interesting people this year.
He _______ (not see) this movie yet.
Exercise 2: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct form:
Tom _______ (has traveled / traveled) to many countries.
She _______ (have / has) just finished her work.
We _______ (have never / never have) been to Africa.
_______ you ever (try / tried) Thai food?
They _______ (have seen / saw) the new exhibition already.
Exercise 3: Personal Questions
Answer 2–3 sentences for each:
Have you ever traveled abroad? Where?
What new skills or hobbies have you learned recently?
Have you ever tried a food you didn’t like?
Have you ever met someone famous?
What experiences have been the most memorable in your life?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
have visited
has never tried
have finished
have met
has not seen / hasn’t seen
Exercise 2:
has traveled
has
have never
Have / tried
have seen
Exercise 3:
Yes, I have traveled abroad. I visited France and Germany last year. It was an amazing experience.
Recently, I have learned to cook new dishes and started practicing yoga.
Yes, I have tried oysters once. I didn’t enjoy the taste at all.
No, I haven’t met anyone famous yet, but I hope I will one day.
One of the most memorable experiences was a hiking trip in the mountains. I saw beautiful landscapes and learned a lot about nature.
Mini-Tips
Используйте Present Perfect для опыта и действий, имеющих результат в настоящем.
Слова ever, never, already, yet, just, since, for помогут правильно выбрать форму.
Практикуйтесь, рассказывая о своих путешествиях и достижениях на английском.
Future (Will / Going to) — Plans and Predictions
Grammar Focus: Future (Will / Going to)
В английском есть два основных способа выражать будущее:
Will — для спонтанных решений, обещаний и предсказаний без явных доказательств.
Be going to — для планов и предсказаний, основанных на фактах или очевидных признаках.
Формулы:
Will: I will do / He will do
Be going to: I am going to do / She is going to do
Примеры:
I will call you tomorrow. — Я позвоню тебе завтра. (спонтанное решение)
She will help me with the homework. — Она поможет мне с домашкой. (обещание)
Look at the clouds! It is going to rain. — Посмотри на облака! Будет дождь. (предсказание по признакам)
We are going to visit Paris next summer. — Мы собираемся поехать в Париж следующим летом. (план)
He won’t forget your birthday. — Он не забудет твой день рождения. (отрицание)
Правила:
Для Will: спонтанные решения, предсказания без доказательств, обещания.
Для Going to: планы, намерения, предсказания с основанием.
Отрицание: will not / won’t, am/is/are not going to
Вопрос: Will + подлежащее + глагол?, Am/Is/Are + подлежащее + going to + глагол?
Советы по запоминанию:
«I just decided» → will
«I already planned» → going to
Обратите внимание на признаки в будущем: dark clouds, broken machine → going to
Story
Next weekend, John is going to visit his parents in the countryside. He has already packed his bags and is planning his route. His friend Alex will probably join him if he finishes work early.
John is going to buy some fresh vegetables from the market and prepare a big family dinner. He thinks that everyone will enjoy it. The weather looks good, so he is going to take his bicycle and ride around the village.
In the evening, John will call his cousin to invite him for dinner. He believes that the whole family will have a wonderful time together. Next month, John is going to start a new course at the local university. He hopes that it will improve his skills and help him in his career.
John won’t forget to take photos and share them with his friends online. He knows that these trips will create lasting memories.
Useful Words and Expressions
visit — посещать
pack bags — паковать сумки
plan — планировать
route — маршрут
join — присоединиться
buy — покупать
prepare — готовить
enjoy — наслаждаться
take a bicycle — кататься на велосипеде
ride — ездить
call — звонить
invite — приглашать
start a course — начать курс
improve — улучшать
help — помогать
share — делиться
create memories — создавать воспоминания
probably — вероятно
look good — выглядит хорошо
next weekend / next month — на следующих выходных / в следующем месяце
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
I _______ (call) my friend tomorrow.
She _______ (visit) her grandparents next week.
They _______ (not forget) to take photos.
Look at the sky! It _______ (rain).
We _______ (start) a new project next month.
Exercise 2: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct form:
John _______ (will / is going to) buy some vegetables.
Alex _______ (will / is going to) join if he finishes work early.
I think it _______ (will / is going to) be sunny tomorrow.
She _______ (won’t / isn’t going to) forget her keys.
We _______ (are going to / will) travel to Italy next summer.
Exercise 3: Personal Questions
Answer 2–3 sentences for each:
What are you going to do next weekend?
Will you travel somewhere this year? Where?
What plans do you have for tomorrow?
Have you ever promised someone that you would do something?
What do you think will happen next in your city (weather, events, etc.)?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
will call
is going to visit
will not forget / won’t forget
is going to rain
are going to start
Exercise 2:
is going to
will
will
won’t
are going to
Exercise 3:
Next weekend, I am going to visit my friend. We plan to go hiking and have lunch together.
Yes, I will travel to the seaside this summer. I am looking forward to relaxing on the beach.
Tomorrow, I am going to clean my apartment and study English in the afternoon.
Yes, I promised my brother that I would help him with his project. I will spend time helping him this weekend.
I think it will rain tomorrow, and many people will stay at home. Next month, there will probably be a local festival.
Mini-Tips
Используйте will для спонтанных решений и обещаний.
Используйте going to для заранее запланированных действий и предсказаний.
Обращайте внимание на признаки будущих событий.
Modals (Can, Could, Must, Should) — Abilities, Necessity, and Advice
Grammar Focus: Modals
Модальные глаголы (can, could, must, should) выражают умения, возможности, необходимость и советы.
Основные значения и правила:
Can — умение, возможность.
I can speak English. — Я умею говорить по-английски.
She can come to the meeting. — Она может прийти на встречу.
Could — вежливая просьба или возможность в прошлом.
Could you help me? — Не могли бы вы мне помочь?
When I was young, I could swim very well. — Когда я был молод, я хорошо плавал.
Must — необходимость, обязательство.
You must wear a helmet when riding a bike. — Ты должен носить шлем, когда катаешься на велосипеде.
I must finish this report today. — Я должен закончить этот отчёт сегодня.
Should — совет, рекомендация.
You should eat more vegetables. — Тебе следует есть больше овощей.
He should study more for the exam. — Ему следует больше учиться к экзамену.
Правила:
После модальных глаголов всегда используется инфинитив без to: can/should/must/could + V1.
Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам.
В отрицаниях добавляем not: can’t, mustn’t, shouldn’t, couldn’t.
В вопросах модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Can you …? Should I …?
Советы по запоминанию:
Can → способность / возможность
Could → прошлое или вежливая просьба
Must → необходимость / обязанность
Should → совет / рекомендация
Story
Lena is a busy professional. She can speak three languages: English, Spanish, and French. She can cook well, but she often orders food when she is tired.
Yesterday, Lena’s colleague asked her: «Could you help me with this report?» Lena agreed because she knew it was important. In the evening, Lena must finish her own project before the deadline. She thinks: «I must not forget to send it to my manager.»
Lena also cares about her health. She knows she should eat more vegetables and exercise regularly. Last week, she couldn’t go to the gym because she was very busy, but today she can take an hour for a workout.
Her friend Anna is visiting tomorrow. Lena tells her: «You should try my new salad recipe. You can cook it easily, and it tastes great!» Lena believes that following simple advice can improve life and make work easier.
Useful Words and Expressions
speak languages — говорить на языках
cook — готовить
order food — заказывать еду
colleague — коллега
help — помогать
report — отчёт
finish — закончить
deadline — крайний срок
forget — забывать
manager — руководитель
care about — заботиться о
health — здоровье
eat vegetables — есть овощи
exercise — заниматься спортом
busy — занятой
try — пробовать
recipe — рецепт
easily — легко
improve — улучшать
advice — совет
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
I _______ (can) play the piano.
You _______ (should) drink more water.
She _______ (must) wear a uniform at work.
When I was young, I _______ (could) run very fast.
You _______ (must not) forget your passport.
Exercise 2: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct form:
He _______ (can / must / should) speak three languages.
You _______ (should / could / must) take a rest if you are tired.
I _______ (could / must / can’t) find my keys yesterday.
Students _______ (must / should / can) submit homework on time.
She _______ (could / can / should) help you with your project.
Exercise 3: Personal Questions
Answer 2–3 sentences for each:
What can you do well?
What should you do to improve your daily routine?
Have you ever been asked for help by a friend or colleague?
What must you do before going to work or school?
Could you do something as a child that you can’t do now?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
can
should
must
could
must not / mustn’t
Exercise 2:
can
should
couldn’t
must
can
Exercise 3:
I can cook simple meals and speak English well. I can also ride a bicycle.
I should wake up earlier and exercise more regularly. I should also plan my day in advance.
Yes, my friend asked me to help with a school project last week. I spent a few hours helping them.
I must prepare my clothes and breakfast before going to work. I must also check my emails.
When I was a child, I could climb trees easily. Now I cannot climb them as well as before.
Mini-Tips
Модальные глаголы не меняются по лицам, но всегда требуют инфинитив без to.
Различайте must (обязанность) и should (совет).
Используйте can / could для выражения способностей и возможностей.
Comparatives and Superlatives — Comparisons
Grammar Focus: Comparatives and Superlatives
Сравнительные и превосходные степени используются для сравнения людей, предметов или явлений.
1. Comparative (Сравнительная степень)
Используется, чтобы сравнивать два объекта.
Для коротких прилагательных (1 слог): adjective + -er + than
tall → taller than
fast → faster than
Для прилагательных из 2+ слогов: more + adjective + than
expensive → more expensive than
comfortable → more comfortable than
Примеры:
This book is more interesting than that one. — Эта книга интереснее той.
My car is faster than yours. — Моя машина быстрее твоей.
2. Superlative (Превосходная степень)
Используется, чтобы выделить один объект среди группы.
Для коротких прилагательных: the + adjective + -est
tall → the tallest
fast → the fastest
Для длинных прилагательных: the most + adjective
expensive → the most expensive
comfortable → the most comfortable
Примеры:
This is the most beautiful city in the country. — Это самый красивый город в стране.
He is the fastest runner in our team. — Он самый быстрый бегун в нашей команде.
Правила и советы:
После comparative часто идёт than, после superlative — the.
Неправильные формы: good → better → the best, bad → worse → the worst
Используйте comparatives для сравнений, superlatives для выделения лучшего или худшего.
Story
Anna loves traveling. She recently visited three cities: Paris, Rome, and London. She thinks Paris is more beautiful than Rome because of the Eiffel Tower and the streets. London, in her opinion, is bigger than Paris and more modern than Rome.
During her trip, Anna stayed in three hotels. The first hotel was comfortable, but the second one was more comfortable. The third hotel, however, was the most comfortable of all. She also tried local food. The pizza in Rome was better than the sandwiches in London, but the pastries in Paris were the best she had ever tasted.
Anna enjoyed walking in the parks and streets. The weather in London was worse than in Paris, but she found the people friendlier than she expected. At the end of her trip, Anna realized that every city had something special, but Paris was the most memorable for her.
Useful Words and Expressions
beautiful — красивый
more beautiful — красивее
the most beautiful — самый красивый
big — большой
bigger — больше
modern — современный
more modern — более современный
comfortable — комфортный
more comfortable — более комфортный
the most comfortable — самый комфортный
good — хороший
better — лучше
the best — лучший
bad — плохой
worse — хуже
the worst — худший
friendly — дружелюбный
more friendly — дружелюбнее
memorable — запоминающийся
more memorable — более запоминающийся
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
This hotel is _______ (comfortable) than the one we stayed in last time.
London is _______ (big) than Paris.
The weather in Rome was _______ (bad) than in London.
Paris was _______ (memorable) city of all.
The pizza in Rome was _______ (good) than the sandwiches in London.
Exercise 2: Multiple Choice
Choose the correct form:
This book is _______ (more interesting / most interesting) than that one.
He is _______ (the tallest / taller) in the class.
This hotel is _______ (more expensive / the most expensive) of all.
My car is _______ (better / the best) than yours.
The weather yesterday was _______ (worse / worst) than today.
Exercise 3: Personal Questions
Answer 2–3 sentences for each:
Which city is bigger: your hometown or the capital city?
Which food do you like better: pizza or pasta?
What is the most comfortable place you have ever stayed?
Who is better at sports in your family or friends?
Which experience was the most memorable for you recently?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
more comfortable
bigger
worse
the most memorable
better
Exercise 2:
more interesting
the tallest
the most expensive
better
worse
Exercise 3:
My hometown is smaller than the capital city. The capital has more people and buildings.
I like pizza better than pasta because it has more variety.
The most comfortable place I stayed was a hotel by the sea. The room had a big bed and a nice view.
My brother is better at sports than I am. He plays football and tennis very well.
The most memorable experience recently was a hiking trip. The mountains were beautiful, and I enjoyed the fresh air.
Mini-Tips
Используйте comparatives для сравнения двух объектов.
Используйте superlatives для выделения лучшего или худшего в группе.
Неправильные формы (good → better → the best, bad → worse → the worst) нужно запомнить отдельно.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns — Quantity and Measurement
Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Существительные в английском языке бывают исчисляемыми (countable) и неисчисляемыми (uncountable).
1. Countable Nouns (исчисляемые):
Можно посчитать (one, two, three …)
Имеют форму множественного числа: apple → apples
Используются с a / an / many / few
I have an apple.
She bought three books.
There are few chairs in the room.
2. Uncountable Nouns (неисчисляемые):
Нельзя посчитать отдельно (обычно вещества, абстрактные понятия)
Нет формы множественного числа
Используются с some / much / a little / a lot of
I need some water.
How much sugar do you want?
There is a little milk in the fridge.
Особенности:
Некоторые существительные могут быть и исчисляемыми, и неисчисляемыми, меняя значение:
chicken (неисчисляемое — мясо; исчисляемое — живая курица)
coffee (неисчисляемое — напиток; исчисляемое — чашка кофе)
Советы:
Countable → можно поставить число или a/an.
Uncountable → используйте слова для измерения: a bottle of, a piece of, a cup of.
Story
David is a food blogger. Every morning, he buys some fruits and vegetables from the local market. He likes to buy apples, bananas, and tomatoes because they are fresh and healthy. He also buys a loaf of bread and a bottle of milk.
In his kitchen, David keeps some sugar and a little salt for cooking. He never uses too much sugar because he wants to stay healthy. For breakfast, he usually drinks coffee and eats an egg with toast.
Sometimes, David experiments with recipes. He uses a piece of cheese, some butter, and a few spices to make his dishes more delicious. He also drinks a lot of water during the day.
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